Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about gender equality in the Summer Olympic Games is correct?
Which of the following statements about gender equality in the Summer Olympic Games is correct?
In comparison with the Olympic Games, how do the Paralympic Games differ in terms of female athlete participation?
In comparison with the Olympic Games, how do the Paralympic Games differ in terms of female athlete participation?
Research on alternative and action sports shows that they are organized around which of the following?
Research on alternative and action sports shows that they are organized around which of the following?
In informal and alternative sports, who generally controls who plays?
In informal and alternative sports, who generally controls who plays?
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Women in response to masculinized cultures in alternative sports have done which of the following?
Women in response to masculinized cultures in alternative sports have done which of the following?
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Where are inequalities in support for female athletes highest?
Where are inequalities in support for female athletes highest?
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Acosta and Carpenter's study revealed that women coach fewer women's sport teams today than they did in 1977. Which of the following is true?
Acosta and Carpenter's study revealed that women coach fewer women's sport teams today than they did in 1977. Which of the following is true?
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Regarding gender representation in the International Olympic Committee, which statement is NOT correct?
Regarding gender representation in the International Olympic Committee, which statement is NOT correct?
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Which is NOT a reason for women's underrepresentation in coaching and administrative positions?
Which is NOT a reason for women's underrepresentation in coaching and administrative positions?
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In male-dominated sports cultures, women are often hired only when they:
In male-dominated sports cultures, women are often hired only when they:
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Why may women in sports organizational positions experience low job satisfaction?
Why may women in sports organizational positions experience low job satisfaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a barrier that restricts progress toward gender equity?
Which of the following is NOT a barrier that restricts progress toward gender equity?
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Why are programs for boys and men more likely to survive budget cuts?
Why are programs for boys and men more likely to survive budget cuts?
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As sports programs become increasingly privatized, what happens to girls' and women's participation?
As sports programs become increasingly privatized, what happens to girls' and women's participation?
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An emphasis on 'cosmetic fitness' among women can negatively impact sport participation because it leads them to:
An emphasis on 'cosmetic fitness' among women can negatively impact sport participation because it leads them to:
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Persistent gender inequities in sport participation are primarily due to:
Persistent gender inequities in sport participation are primarily due to:
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What concept does the dominant sports imagery often promote?
What concept does the dominant sports imagery often promote?
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Regarding gender equity and sexuality, which of the following is true?
Regarding gender equity and sexuality, which of the following is true?
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In her analysis of lesbians in sports, Pat Griffin identifies which consequence NOT linked to myths about lesbians?
In her analysis of lesbians in sports, Pat Griffin identifies which consequence NOT linked to myths about lesbians?
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Why do people tend to maintain silence about gay men in sports?
Why do people tend to maintain silence about gay men in sports?
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Research indicates that there is increasingly what form of masculinity among young men?
Research indicates that there is increasingly what form of masculinity among young men?
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Gay men and lesbians in sports may face marginalization because:
Gay men and lesbians in sports may face marginalization because:
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Transgender athletes have influenced gender boundaries by:
Transgender athletes have influenced gender boundaries by:
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What do gender activists mean by the 'queering of sport'?
What do gender activists mean by the 'queering of sport'?
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After studying lesbian softball leagues, what did researchers conclude?
After studying lesbian softball leagues, what did researchers conclude?
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What is perceived as the most effective strategy for achieving gender equity in sports?
What is perceived as the most effective strategy for achieving gender equity in sports?
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Which is an equity-producing action mentioned in the chapter?
Which is an equity-producing action mentioned in the chapter?
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Why do boys and men have a stake in gender equity?
Why do boys and men have a stake in gender equity?
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In research, which statement about women developing strength through sport is NOT true?
In research, which statement about women developing strength through sport is NOT true?
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Research indicates that feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes do what?
Research indicates that feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes do what?
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Celebrity feminism in media emphasizes:
Celebrity feminism in media emphasizes:
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What is necessary for full gender equity?
What is necessary for full gender equity?
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What does the author claim is required for achieving full gender equity in sports?
What does the author claim is required for achieving full gender equity in sports?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs organized around dominant gender ideology in many societies today?
Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs organized around dominant gender ideology in many societies today?
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What does the gender ideology used in many cultures assume?
What does the gender ideology used in many cultures assume?
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What does the diagram of the two-category classification model indicate?
What does the diagram of the two-category classification model indicate?
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One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it:
One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it:
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According to the two-category classification model, who has a better chance of gaining power in society?
According to the two-category classification model, who has a better chance of gaining power in society?
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Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as:
Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as:
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During struggles between gender defenders and gender benders, most people:
During struggles between gender defenders and gender benders, most people:
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The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to:
The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to:
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When sport worlds are male-dominated, it means that:
When sport worlds are male-dominated, it means that:
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When sport worlds are male-identified, it means that:
When sport worlds are male-identified, it means that:
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When sport worlds are male-centered, it means that:
When sport worlds are male-centered, it means that:
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What does it indicate about an athletic department if a woman coach is hired because she coached like a man?
What does it indicate about an athletic department if a woman coach is hired because she coached like a man?
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What does the vocabulary used by a network TV sports announcer suggest when referring to 'The World Cup' and 'The Women's World Cup'?
What does the vocabulary used by a network TV sports announcer suggest when referring to 'The World Cup' and 'The Women's World Cup'?
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When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sport participation in the early 20th century, they:
When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sport participation in the early 20th century, they:
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The myths surrounding women's sports participation in the early 20th century:
The myths surrounding women's sports participation in the early 20th century:
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To avoid appeasing men and discouraging them from viewing them as invaders in sports, female athletes chose to:
To avoid appeasing men and discouraging them from viewing them as invaders in sports, female athletes chose to:
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Most female athletes today manage gender issues by:
Most female athletes today manage gender issues by:
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The history of 'fem testing' in the Olympics shows that:
The history of 'fem testing' in the Olympics shows that:
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The Caster Semenya case demonstrated that:
The Caster Semenya case demonstrated that:
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If the body of a female athlete naturally produces testosterone that equals that of an average man, she can compete as a woman:
If the body of a female athlete naturally produces testosterone that equals that of an average man, she can compete as a woman:
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Which of the following is NOT among the problems with the current IOC 'female fairness' policy?
Which of the following is NOT among the problems with the current IOC 'female fairness' policy?
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Sports are culturally important in many societies because they:
Sports are culturally important in many societies because they:
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What does Mariah Burton Nelson hypothesize about men as women gain power in society?
What does Mariah Burton Nelson hypothesize about men as women gain power in society?
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Sport participation can empower girls and women as individuals, but:
Sport participation can empower girls and women as individuals, but:
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What has been the most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations?
What has been the most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women?
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What does the U.S. government law Title IX prohibit?
What does the U.S. government law Title IX prohibit?
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When Title IX became law in 1972:
When Title IX became law in 1972:
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What has been the result of opposition to Title IX in the past 40 years?
What has been the result of opposition to Title IX in the past 40 years?
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According to Title IX law in the U.S., which of the following is NOT a legal test for compliance?
According to Title IX law in the U.S., which of the following is NOT a legal test for compliance?
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Overall, what issue has arisen due to the health and fitness movement?
Overall, what issue has arisen due to the health and fitness movement?
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In terms of media coverage of women in sports, what is noted about women athletes on television?
In terms of media coverage of women in sports, what is noted about women athletes on television?
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Research on new media suggests that:
Research on new media suggests that:
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Most people globally agree that girls and women should have opportunities to play sports, but they often disagree on:
Most people globally agree that girls and women should have opportunities to play sports, but they often disagree on:
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Which of the following is NOT among the key gender inequities that remain in U.S. sports and worldwide?
Which of the following is NOT among the key gender inequities that remain in U.S. sports and worldwide?
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What characterizes the state of gender equity in U.S. high schools and colleges?
What characterizes the state of gender equity in U.S. high schools and colleges?
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Why has achieving gender equity in schools remained difficult since Title IX?
Why has achieving gender equity in schools remained difficult since Title IX?
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Why have sanctions for failing to achieve gender equity been few for U.S. high schools and colleges?
Why have sanctions for failing to achieve gender equity been few for U.S. high schools and colleges?
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At what level does the most glaring gender inequality with respect to sport participation occur?
At what level does the most glaring gender inequality with respect to sport participation occur?
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Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are:
Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are:
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What is the primary reason for there being fewer female athletes than male athletes at the Summer Olympic Games?
What is the primary reason for there being fewer female athletes than male athletes at the Summer Olympic Games?
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Study Notes
Gender Equity in Sports
- Full gender equity in sports requires changing orthodox gender ideology.
- Male respect for women as human beings is crucial for achieving equity.
Dominant Gender Ideology
- Dominant beliefs include the notion that men are more suited for power and leadership.
- The idea that humans are strictly male or female limits understanding of sex and gender complexities.
Two-Category Model
- This model simplifies gender classification, ignoring physiological variations.
- It marginalizes sexual identities like homosexuality and restricts normative space for non-conforming individuals.
Gender Boundaries in Sports
- Male-dominated sports contexts often assume men's superiority and control.
- Women gain power in these spaces primarily by not challenging gender norms.
Homophobia and Gender Norms
- Homophobia persists as long as the binary sex system is widely accepted.
- Struggles between defenders of traditional gender roles and those challenging them create confusion about sexuality.
Media Representation and Sports
- Male-dominated narratives focus on traditional masculinity and exclude broader perspectives.
- Increased media coverage has shown female athletes but still often objectifies women instead of celebrating their achievements.
Title IX Impacts
- Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in federally funded education programs.
- This law has significantly impacted women's participation in sports, though challenges persist.
Gender Equity Challenges
- Men historically received the majority of sports funding in schools.
- Current litigation often emphasizes women's rights but is routinely challenged in courts.
- Gender equity is not achieved in high schools or colleges, despite legislation.
Cultural and Structural Barriers
- Football defines the cultural fabric in many schools, undermining gender equity.
- Resources for female athletes are often limited, especially at professional levels.
- Fewer women's events in the Olympics lead to lower participation rates among female athletes.
Gender in Alternative Sports
- Alternative sports are typically organized around male values, limiting women's involvement.
- Boys and men still dominate control over participation in informal sports settings.
Future of Gender in Sports
- Continued efforts are necessary to dismantle stereotypes, enhance media representation, and achieve real equity in sports for women and all gender identities.
- Empowerment through sports for women is ongoing but complicated by the underlying structures of patriarchal dominance.### Gender and Sports Participation
- Female athletes experience less support than male athletes, especially in community programs.
- Women coach proportionately fewer women's sports teams today compared to 1977, indicating a decline in female representation in coaching roles.
International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Gender Representation
- For 85 years, the IOC had no female members; it historically has had very limited female representation in leadership.
- Women did not comprise 35% of IOC decision-making boards as of 2013.
Barriers to Gender Equity in Sports
- Evaluative criteria often favor male candidates, and women face biases in being considered for coaching and administrative positions.
- A significant barrier to women's representation in sports is an organizational culture that lacks support, impacting job satisfaction for women in coaching roles.
Survival of Sports Programs
- Men's sports programs tend to survive budget cuts better than women's due to established legitimacy, support, and sponsorships over time.
- The privatization of sports programs may lead to reduced opportunities for female participation.
Cultural And Social Challenges
- The association of sports with weight loss can discourage women from participating.
- Persistent inequalities stem from a lack of sports that cater to the experiences of girls and women.
Masculinity and Sports Culture
- Dominant sports narratives often promote power and control, reinforcing hyper-masculine ideals.
- Gay men and lesbians face marginalization in sports due to challenges to traditional gender norms.
Transgender Athletes and Gender Boundaries
- Policies from the IOC and NCAA now accommodate the participation of transgender athletes, reshaping gender boundaries in sports.
- The "queering of sport" signifies efforts to revise traditional gender categories to foster inclusivity.
Activism and Gender Equity
- Grassroots actions are crucial for identifying and rectifying inequities in sports environments, rather than solely relying on legislation.
- Public awareness and media scrutiny of inequitable practices can drive changes in sports organizations.
Women's Empowerment through Sports
- Participation in sports can enhance feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes, although this does not automatically convert into active advocacy for gender equity.
- Celebrity feminism promotes individualism rather than collective struggles for women's rights.
Alternative Definitions of Masculinity and Femininity
- Achieving full gender equity in sports requires redefining masculinity and femininity alongside changing sports organization and gameplay.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the critical concepts surrounding gender equity in sports. This quiz discusses the necessary changes and beliefs needed to achieve true equality in athletic programs. Explore how societal norms impact gender dynamics in sports.
