Gender Equity in Sports Quiz

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about gender equality in the Summer Olympic Games is correct?

Fewer Olympic events are available to women than to men. (correct)

The proportion of women athletes in the games has declined since 1896.

Since 1980 about half the athletes in the summer games have been women.

Women have more events than men, but fewer participants in those events.

In comparison with the Olympic Games, how do the Paralympic Games differ in terms of female athlete participation?

Highlight women's events more than men's events.

Exclude women from events involving strength.

Have equal numbers of male and female athletes.

Have far fewer female athletes than male athletes. (correct)

Research on alternative and action sports shows that they are organized around which of the following?

Title IX law.

The values and experiences of males. (correct)

Girls and women who succeed do so by avoiding risky tricks.

Women competitors receive more media coverage than male competitors.

In informal and alternative sports, who generally controls who plays?

Boys and men. Signup and view all the answers

Women in response to masculinized cultures in alternative sports have done which of the following?

Created or revised sports to fit their experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Where are inequalities in support for female athletes highest?

Community programs. Signup and view all the answers

Acosta and Carpenter's study revealed that women coach fewer women's sport teams today than they did in 1977. Which of the following is true?

Coach proportionately fewer women's sport teams. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding gender representation in the International Olympic Committee, which statement is NOT correct?

Women make up 35% of its decision-making boards. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a reason for women's underrepresentation in coaching and administrative positions?

Women don't have the business experience. Signup and view all the answers

In male-dominated sports cultures, women are often hired only when they:

Can show they can do things as men. Signup and view all the answers

Why may women in sports organizational positions experience low job satisfaction?

An unsupportive organizational culture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a barrier that restricts progress toward gender equity?

Women are less physically active by nature. Signup and view all the answers

Why are programs for boys and men more likely to survive budget cuts?

They've developed more legitimacy and support. Signup and view all the answers

As sports programs become increasingly privatized, what happens to girls' and women's participation?

Girls and women lose participation opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

An emphasis on 'cosmetic fitness' among women can negatively impact sport participation because it leads them to:

Associate sport participation with losing weight. Signup and view all the answers

Persistent gender inequities in sport participation are primarily due to:

Lack of sports reflecting experiences of girls and women. Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the dominant sports imagery often promote?

Power and control. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding gender equity and sexuality, which of the following is true?

Sports regions are less supportive environments for homophobia. Signup and view all the answers

In her analysis of lesbians in sports, Pat Griffin identifies which consequence NOT linked to myths about lesbians?

Belief that lesbians can't play sports well. Signup and view all the answers

Why do people tend to maintain silence about gay men in sports?

Men have much to lose if boundaries blur. Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that there is increasingly what form of masculinity among young men?

A more inclusive form of masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

Gay men and lesbians in sports may face marginalization because:

They challenge ideas about gender. Signup and view all the answers

Transgender athletes have influenced gender boundaries by:

Creating policies for their participation. Signup and view all the answers

What do gender activists mean by the 'queering of sport'?

Revising the two-sex system. Signup and view all the answers

After studying lesbian softball leagues, what did researchers conclude?

Re-negotiating sexed boundaries is complicated. Signup and view all the answers

What is perceived as the most effective strategy for achieving gender equity in sports?

Grassroots actions identifying inequities. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an equity-producing action mentioned in the chapter?

Informing media of inequities. Signup and view all the answers

Why do boys and men have a stake in gender equity?

Create spaces for inclusive masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

In research, which statement about women developing strength through sport is NOT true?

They feel their bodies are attractive. Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes do what?

Make one an activist for gender equity. Signup and view all the answers

Celebrity feminism in media emphasizes:

Individualism and consumption. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for full gender equity?

Changing how many sports are organized. Signup and view all the answers

What does the author claim is required for achieving full gender equity in sports?

Changes in orthodox gender ideology. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs organized around dominant gender ideology in many societies today?

Women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures. Signup and view all the answers

What does the gender ideology used in many cultures assume?

Real physiological variations among males and females are ignored. Signup and view all the answers

What does the diagram of the two-category classification model indicate?

Gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds. Signup and view all the answers

One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it:

Leaves no normative space for those who don't fit into either category. Signup and view all the answers

According to the two-category classification model, who has a better chance of gaining power in society?

Men. Signup and view all the answers

Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as:

The two sex system is widely accepted. Signup and view all the answers

During struggles between gender defenders and gender benders, most people:

Find it difficult to give up ideas and beliefs they use to make sense of the world. Signup and view all the answers

The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to:

Celebrate traditional ideas about masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

When sport worlds are male-dominated, it means that:

Ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men. Signup and view all the answers

When sport worlds are male-identified, it means that:

People assume that it involves men and is about men. Signup and view all the answers

When sport worlds are male-centered, it means that:

Men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories. Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate about an athletic department if a woman coach is hired because she coached like a man?

The athletic department is male-dominated. Signup and view all the answers

What does the vocabulary used by a network TV sports announcer suggest when referring to 'The World Cup' and 'The Women's World Cup'?

It is male-identified. Signup and view all the answers

When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sport participation in the early 20th century, they:

First claimed participation spaces in 'grace and beauty sports.' Signup and view all the answers

The myths surrounding women's sports participation in the early 20th century:

Were widely accepted because they were seen to protect women's bodies. Signup and view all the answers

To avoid appeasing men and discouraging them from viewing them as invaders in sports, female athletes chose to:

Call themselves 'ladies' when they played sports. Signup and view all the answers

Most female athletes today manage gender issues by:

Using a 'reformed apologetic' to appear both tough and feminine. Signup and view all the answers

The history of 'fem testing' in the Olympics shows that:

Human bodies don't fit neatly into two distinct sex categories. Signup and view all the answers

The Caster Semenya case demonstrated that:

Widespread ideas about femininity are linked with ideas about race. Signup and view all the answers

If the body of a female athlete naturally produces testosterone that equals that of an average man, she can compete as a woman:

Only if her body cannot process or use any amount of testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT among the problems with the current IOC 'female fairness' policy?

Is administered by male officials from the United Nations. Signup and view all the answers

Sports are culturally important in many societies because they:

Celebrate masculine virility and power and reproduce hegemonic masculinity. Signup and view all the answers

What does Mariah Burton Nelson hypothesize about men as women gain power in society?

Men prefer manly sports such as football. Signup and view all the answers

Sport participation can empower girls and women as individuals, but:

As an institution, sport remains gendered so it reaffirms heterosexual male power. Signup and view all the answers

What has been the most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations?

Girls and women playing sports around the world. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women?

New publicly funded child care programs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the U.S. government law Title IX prohibit?

Gender discrimination in any educational institution receiving federal money. Signup and view all the answers

When Title IX became law in 1972:

Men received about 99% of public school resources devoted to sports. Signup and view all the answers

What has been the result of opposition to Title IX in the past 40 years?

Court decisions have always upheld the legality of the law and its enforcement guidelines. Signup and view all the answers

According to Title IX law in the U.S., which of the following is NOT a legal test for compliance?

The moral equality test. Signup and view all the answers

Overall, what issue has arisen due to the health and fitness movement?

It highlights the use of unrealistic body images to market products to girls and women. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of media coverage of women in sports, what is noted about women athletes on television?

It provides alternatives to sexually objectified women. Signup and view all the answers

Research on new media suggests that:

Girls and women are creating their own sport coverage on their own terms. Signup and view all the answers

Most people globally agree that girls and women should have opportunities to play sports, but they often disagree on:

What sports they should play and the resources they should receive. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT among the key gender inequities that remain in U.S. sports and worldwide?

Rulings in civil court decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the state of gender equity in U.S. high schools and colleges?

Neither high schools nor colleges have achieved equity. Signup and view all the answers

Why has achieving gender equity in schools remained difficult since Title IX?

Football is the cultural centerpiece of school and community life. Signup and view all the answers

Why have sanctions for failing to achieve gender equity been few for U.S. high schools and colleges?

The U.S. Office for Civil Rights lacks the resources to investigate complaints. Signup and view all the answers

At what level does the most glaring gender inequality with respect to sport participation occur?

Professional level. Signup and view all the answers

Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are:

Generally scarce at the professional level. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for there being fewer female athletes than male athletes at the Summer Olympic Games?

There are fewer women's events in the summer games. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gender Equity in Sports

Full gender equity in sports requires changing orthodox gender ideology.
Male respect for women as human beings is crucial for achieving equity.

Dominant Gender Ideology

Dominant beliefs include the notion that men are more suited for power and leadership.
The idea that humans are strictly male or female limits understanding of sex and gender complexities.

Two-Category Model

This model simplifies gender classification, ignoring physiological variations.
It marginalizes sexual identities like homosexuality and restricts normative space for non-conforming individuals.

Gender Boundaries in Sports

Male-dominated sports contexts often assume men's superiority and control.
Women gain power in these spaces primarily by not challenging gender norms.

Homophobia and Gender Norms

Homophobia persists as long as the binary sex system is widely accepted.
Struggles between defenders of traditional gender roles and those challenging them create confusion about sexuality.

Media Representation and Sports

Male-dominated narratives focus on traditional masculinity and exclude broader perspectives.
Increased media coverage has shown female athletes but still often objectifies women instead of celebrating their achievements.

Title IX Impacts

Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in federally funded education programs.
This law has significantly impacted women's participation in sports, though challenges persist.

Gender Equity Challenges

Men historically received the majority of sports funding in schools.
Current litigation often emphasizes women's rights but is routinely challenged in courts.
Gender equity is not achieved in high schools or colleges, despite legislation.

Cultural and Structural Barriers

Football defines the cultural fabric in many schools, undermining gender equity.
Resources for female athletes are often limited, especially at professional levels.
Fewer women's events in the Olympics lead to lower participation rates among female athletes.

Gender in Alternative Sports

Alternative sports are typically organized around male values, limiting women's involvement.
Boys and men still dominate control over participation in informal sports settings.

Future of Gender in Sports

Continued efforts are necessary to dismantle stereotypes, enhance media representation, and achieve real equity in sports for women and all gender identities.
Empowerment through sports for women is ongoing but complicated by the underlying structures of patriarchal dominance.### Gender and Sports Participation
Female athletes experience less support than male athletes, especially in community programs.
Women coach proportionately fewer women's sports teams today compared to 1977, indicating a decline in female representation in coaching roles.

International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Gender Representation

For 85 years, the IOC had no female members; it historically has had very limited female representation in leadership.
Women did not comprise 35% of IOC decision-making boards as of 2013.

Barriers to Gender Equity in Sports

Evaluative criteria often favor male candidates, and women face biases in being considered for coaching and administrative positions.
A significant barrier to women's representation in sports is an organizational culture that lacks support, impacting job satisfaction for women in coaching roles.

Survival of Sports Programs

Men's sports programs tend to survive budget cuts better than women's due to established legitimacy, support, and sponsorships over time.
The privatization of sports programs may lead to reduced opportunities for female participation.

The association of sports with weight loss can discourage women from participating.
Persistent inequalities stem from a lack of sports that cater to the experiences of girls and women.

Masculinity and Sports Culture

Dominant sports narratives often promote power and control, reinforcing hyper-masculine ideals.
Gay men and lesbians face marginalization in sports due to challenges to traditional gender norms.

Transgender Athletes and Gender Boundaries

Policies from the IOC and NCAA now accommodate the participation of transgender athletes, reshaping gender boundaries in sports.
The "queering of sport" signifies efforts to revise traditional gender categories to foster inclusivity.

Activism and Gender Equity

Grassroots actions are crucial for identifying and rectifying inequities in sports environments, rather than solely relying on legislation.
Public awareness and media scrutiny of inequitable practices can drive changes in sports organizations.

Women's Empowerment through Sports

Participation in sports can enhance feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes, although this does not automatically convert into active advocacy for gender equity.
Celebrity feminism promotes individualism rather than collective struggles for women's rights.

Alternative Definitions of Masculinity and Femininity

Achieving full gender equity in sports requires redefining masculinity and femininity alongside changing sports organization and gameplay.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the critical concepts surrounding gender equity in sports. This quiz discusses the necessary changes and beliefs needed to achieve true equality in athletic programs. Explore how societal norms impact gender dynamics in sports.