Gender and Work Chapter 9

Chapter 9: Gender and Work

• Today, women earn about 81 cents for every dollar men earn.
• Female-dominated occupations include childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses.
• Male-dominated occupations include bus-drivers, editors, and reports, and college and university teachers.
• Occupations close to an equal gender ratio are those where there is a similar representation of men and women
• Intersectional analysis reveals that women in high-wage work, low-wage work, STEM, and stereotypical fields may experience a more severe motherhood penalty.
• Factors in reducing the motherhood penalty include fathers taking advantage of paternity leave and improved access to childcare.
• The idea that women are paid less than men because they don't negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of the compensation negotiation principle.
• The tendency to overestimate men's salaries is linked to participants' implicit stereotypes.
• A woman who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace may experience a reduction in likability but an increase in hirability.
• Occupational segregation by gender, chronic underpayment, and limited opportunities are examples of inequalities in the social structure.
• Women may have a lack of entitlement to high pay compared to men, leading them to tolerate wage injustice and leave the workforce earlier.
• Female undergraduates in a study completed more work accurately and precisely than their male counterparts, despite reporting higher pay.
• More women than men reported more sex partners in a bogus pipeline condition

Chapter 10: Biology and Gender

• A genetic female has XX sex chromosomes.
• A sex-linked trait is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome.
• SRY is a gene on the Y chromosome directing gonad development into testes
• X-chromosome inactivation involves silencing one X chromosome in each cell of females.
• Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA changes.
• High-licking mothers have high-licking offspring, suggesting a role for epigenetics.
• In animals, activity level and appetite are most affected by prenatal hormone exposure.
• A rare genetic condition, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), causes adrenal glands to produce high androgens in genetic females, leading to masculinized genitals.
• In prenatal development, most major gender differences are created postnatally.
• Prenatal hormone exposure can affect biological traits like spatial ability, aggression, activity, and appetite, in different ways for men and women.

Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health

• Worldwide, pregnancy and childbirth are more dangerous for women than for men.
• Leading causes of death for both women and men are heart disease and cancer.
• Women are often more likely to die from pregnancy and childbirth complications related to complications arising from pregnancy.
• Female hormones, stress, and health factors can affect the menstrual cycle, mood, and overall well-being.
• Various factors play a crucial role in women's reproductive health and associated complications.
• Women report experiencing various physical symptoms related to menstruation and childbirth.
• Heart disease, different factors, and gender can cause variations in death rates between men and women.
• Women can face various circumstances that can impact their overall reproductive health and cause negative health outcomes and associated health conditions.
• There are ways to improve and better support women's reproductive health conditions, symptoms, and circumstances

Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality

•  The underlying mechanism for excitement phase differences between genders is the same (vasocongestion)
• The clitoris is the most sexually sensitive organ for women.
• Vaginal lubrication in the female is similar to erection in men
•  The elevation of the clitoris occurs during the excitement stage.
• Different standards for assessing female and male sexual behaviors exist.
• Sex is considered dirty in some families and communities
• Different experiences with sexual trauma, experiences with gender norms, and perceptions of sexuality can impact and contribute to sexual desire and experiences among different groups of people.
• Some women report no sexual desire.
• The presence of sexual dysfunction can impact the overall experience of sexuality and healthy sexual relationships.
• Men and women both report similar numbers of partners in a bogus pipeline study.

Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation

•  Sexual minority includes homosexual, bisexual, and other non-heterosexual sexual orientations.
• Women experience higher rates of victimization and prejudice related to sexual orientation.
• Sexual orientation is distinct from gender identity, but they are interlinked.
• Societal norms and cultures can influence sexual identities in different ways.
• Attitudes towards non-heterosexual orientations are changing significantly, creating new opportunities and experiences for sexual, gender, and ethnic minorities.
• There are clear differences between the brains of male and female transgender brains

Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization

• Victims of gender-based violence often face barriers to reporting (perceived costs outweighing benefits, lack of social support).
• Sexual violence is prevalent across different populations, with disproportionate impact on some groups.
• Many women may exhibit PTSD symptoms post-trauma, which can include flashbacks, trouble sleeping, and reactive behaviors.
• Women are more likely to be harmed by previous partners or attackers and experience severe violence.
• Rape is a serious concern that is present and needs to be addressed
• Violence is a major factor in women's lives and affects their overall safety, well-being, and mental health
• Mandatory arrest, shock arrest, and no-drop policies can affect the handling and prosecution of violence cases.
• In many cases, women and men exhibit different responses to trauma and violence.
• Sexual violence has a very devastating impact on women's lives, negatively impacting all aspects of the victims' lives.
• Differences in the risk of violence exist between different social identities, as well as gendered and sexual identities.

Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues

• Gender bias in diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues persists, though sometimes subtly.
• Women's and men's experiences with depression and anxiety often differ.
• Several factors influence the development of eating disorders, including genetics, puberty, epigenetics, and neurobiology.
• Mental health issues are often related to different factors such as abuse, trauma, gender, genetics, and more.
• Gender identity and sexual orientation can contribute and affect patterns of mental health issues in women.
• Mental health issues should be handled and cared for with specific attention to each individual, and particular types of needs for specific conditions
• Early puberty can be a risk factor for women developing anorexia
• Hormonal changes during puberty can be a cause of anorexia

Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect

• Feminists have made progress in achieving gender equality over the past 150 years.
• Women and men often share similar psychological traits or characteristics but demonstrate different behavioral patterns based on their respective biological backgrounds.
• Respecting common humanity and empowering marginalized groups are crucial aspects of intersectional feminism.
• The traditional male role is evolving and becoming more flexible.
• A person who advocates for gender equality is termed a feminist, socialist, humanist, or idealist.
• Women, especially those who belong to marginalized groups, still experience various forms of gender discrimination in various aspects of life and require appropriate advocacy and representation
• Feminists have fought for women to have greater access to employment opportunities, and this can significantly and positively influence the experiences of women around the globe.
• Women's scores on the Feminist Identity Scale show passive acceptance of traditional gender norms that is lessened after taking a gender related course.

Explore the dynamics of gender in the workplace with this quiz based on Chapter 9. Discover key insights about the wage gap, occupational distribution, and the motherhood penalty. Test your understanding of how gender roles impact employment and earnings across various fields.