Psychology of Women Past Paper PDF

Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work Chapter 9: Gender and Work 1. Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. A. 67 B. 76 C. 81 D. 92 2. Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. A. female-dominated occupations B....

Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work Chapter 9: Gender and Work 1. Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. A. 67 B. 76 C. 81 D. 92 2. Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. A. female-dominated occupations B. male-dominated occupations C. occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty D. occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty 3. Bus-drivers, editors and reports, and college and university teachers are examples of ______. A. male-dominated occupations B. female-dominated occupations C. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio D. occupations that are further from an equal gender ratio 4. An intersectional analysis suggests that women in ______ may also experience a more severe motherhood penalty. A. high-wage work B. low-wage work C. the STEM fields D. stereotypical fields of work 5. Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty? A. gendered roles in the workplace B. fathers taking advantage of paternity leave C. paying women more when they are first hired D. improved access to childcare 6. The idea that women are paid less than men is because they don’t negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of ______. A. the compensation negotiation principle B. the female deficit explanation C. gender discrimination D. gendered negotiation skills Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work 7. The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______. A. the gender of the supervisor or boss B. the gender of the worker C. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation D. how negotiable the wage of the occupation is 8. Based on the research, what can you infer about a woman who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace? A. a reduction in her hirability and likability B. a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability C. an increase in her hirability and likability D. a reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability 9. Occupational segregation by gender, the chronic underpayment of women and of women’s work, and the lack of equal opportunities for women are examples of ______. A. reasons women believe they are more entitled to more pay B. discrimination in the workplace C. reasons many women decide to leave the workforce once they have children D. inequalities in the social structure in the United States 10. Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______. A. seek wage increases B. leave the workforce earlier than men C. tolerate wage injustice D. seek promotions in order to increase wages 11. In one study (O’Brien et al., 2012), female and male undergraduates were given a task and then asked to fill out a measure of entitlement, reporting on how much they thought they deserved to be paid for their work. The participants were also given the option of awarding themselves bonuses privately from an envelope containing $5. The researchers found that women completed more work with greater accuracy than men. They also found that ______. A. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did B. women reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did C. men reported they deserved higher pay, but women paid themselves higher in bonuses than men did D. women reported they deserved higher pay, but men paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work 12. Williams et al. (2010) found that the tendency to overestimate men’s salaries was linked to the participants’ ______. A. conscious sexism B. implicit stereotypes C. explicit biases D. sense of entitlement 13. Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______. A. more men work at H & I Enterprises B. more men than women will apply for that job C. an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job D. women will find the job appealing 14. Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______. A. explicit sexism and discrimination B. old-fashioned sexism C. occupational segregation D. subtle ways modern sexism persists 15. In a classic experiment done by Goldberg, 1968, participants read and evaluated essays written either by a male author or female author. The essays were identical except for the names of the authors. Results showed that ______. A. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors B. there was no significant gender difference in ratings C. essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors D. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors when the topic of the essay was traditionally feminine 16. Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in the evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ______. A. the occupations were segregated B. the applicant meets all qualifications C. raters are given more information about the applicant D. the rater is a woman Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work 17. One national study (Fidas & Cooper, 2015) surveyed LGBT people and found that more than half reported hiding their sexual orientation or gender identity in the workplace, and more than one third reported feeling compelled to lie about their personal lives at work. This is mainly a reflection of ______. A. the workplace climate B. explicit discrimination from upper management C. the majority of colleagues being accepting of gender identities D. LGBT workers feeling insecure about their identities 18. Fidas and Cooper (2015) also found the ______ of non-LGBT respondents said it was “unprofessional” to talk about sexual orientation or gender identity at work. A. 55% B. 70% C. 28% D. 45% 19. Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can’t seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon. A. workplace climate B. gender discrimination C. the glass ceiling D. the upper limit 20. Kala, a woman, is the founder and leader of the local daycare center. Based on the research, we can infer that her leadership skills will be judged as ______. A. more effective than a man in her same position B. less effective than a man in her same position C. similarly effective as a man in her same position D. not important when compared to other factors 21. When considering management style, a female leader will likely receive better evaluations if she adopts a ______ style of leadership. A. autocratic or dictatorial B. democratic and nurturing C. assertive and direct D. confrontational or bossy Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work 22. Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory? A. the glass ceiling theory B. gender bias theory C. leadership gender gap theory D. role congruity theory 23. The perceived gender role incongruity of dominance or assertiveness depends on gender as well as ______. A. socioeconomic status B. race C. culture D. language 24. Livingston et al. (2012) compared evaluations of leaders at the intersection of race and gender, asking participants to rate leaders who were (a) Black or White (b), female or male, and (c) dominant and assertive or communal and compassionate. The researchers found that ______. A. White women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance B. White men and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White women were penalized for expressing dominance C. White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance D. Black women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while White women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance 25. Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______. A. transformational leader model B. dictator boss model C. democratic leader model D. nurturing boss model 26. As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease. A. gender discrimination B. explicit sexism C. occupational segregation D. the motherhood penalty Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 9: Gender and Work 27. The complexities of work–life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles. A. quantity B. quality C. diversity D. compensation 28. If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ______. A. compensation B. quality roles C. role flooding D. spillover 29. Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluding that, if “work” is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average, ______ hr more per week than men did. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 30. Naomi and Angelo are a dual-earner family and just had their first child. Based on the research on the second shift, we can infer that ______. A. Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare B. Angelo will likely take on a greater share of childcare C. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally D. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally only if they were splitting household chores equally before having the baby Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 10: Biology and Gender Chapter 10: Biology and Gender 1. A genetic female has ______. A. sex chromosomes XY B. a vagina C. sex chromosomes YY D. sex chromosomes XX 2. A trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome is ______. A. a sex-linked trait B. a sex-limited trait C. a sex-determined trait D. expressed more in females than males 3. SRY is ______. A. a hormone produced by the pituitary gland B. a hormone produced by the adrenal gland C. a gene on the Y chromosome that directs the fetus’s gonads to form testes D. a gene on the X chromosome that directs the fetus’s genitals to form the vagina 4. X-chromosome inactivation involves ______. A. the silencing of one X chromosome in each of the cells of human females B. an error in prenatal gender differentiation C. the process by which the X chromosome is turned off in all cells of human males D. a process that occurs in the testes but not the ovaries 5. ______ refers to changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA. A. Transcription B. Epigenetics C. Genome D. Inactivation 6. Female rat pups born to high-licking mothers are themselves high lickers when they become mothers. If pups born to low-licking mothers are raised by high-licking mothers, they are high lickers in adulthood. This effect is due to ______. A. genetics B. endocrine disrupters C. prenatal differentiation D. epigenetics 7. Epigenetics refers to ______. A. the genetics of RNA B. changes in gene expression caused by factors other than DNA C. the mass of protein surrounding a chromosome D. criticism of the Human Genome Project Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 10: Biology and Gender 8. A “trans woman” refers to someone who ______. A. has a birth-assigned male gender and female gender identity B. has a birth-assigned female gender and male gender identity C. has a birth-assigned intersex gender and female gender identity D. has a birth-assigned female gender and is going through genital transition 9. A “trans man” refers to someone who ______. A. has a birth-assigned male gender and female gender identity B. has a birth-assigned female gender and male gender identity C. has a birth-assigned intersex gender and female gender identity D. has a birth-assigned male gender and is going through a genital transition 10. The gonads (ovaries and testes), pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are all ______. A. androgens B. sex hormones C. endocrine glands D. connected to metabolism 11. Androgens other than testosterone are manufactured in females by the ______. A. pituitary B. hypothalamus C. adrenal gland D. fallopian tubes 12. Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the ______. A. ovaries B. vagina C. uterus D. hypothalamus 13. Giving replacement doses of testosterone to a male rat castrated in adulthood will cause a return of sex drive. This illustrates ______. A. the organizing effects of hormones B. the importance of estrogen to sex drive C. the importance of prenatal gender differentiation D. the activating effect of hormones 14. Prenatally, females and males develop differently ______. A. beginning at about the 6th week of pregnancy B. from the moment of conception C. as a result of gender role socialization D. as a result of cultural expectations Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 10: Biology and Gender 15. The first step on prenatal gender differentiation is ______. A. hormonal differentiation B. gonadal differentiation C. brain differentiation D. differentiation of the external genitals 16. In animals, the two behaviors that are most affected by prenatal hormone exposure are ______. A. activity level and appetite B. spatial ability and aggression C. aggressive and sexual behaviors D. the structure of the genitals, but there is no evidence that it affects behavior 17. If pregnant guinea pigs are administered testosterone, their genetic female offspring will show male, not female, patterns of sexual behavior. This is an example of ______. A. the organizing effects of hormones B. the activating effects of hormones C. the harmful effects of drug abuse D. pheromone effects 18. ______ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus’s adrenal glands to produce abnormally large amounts of androgens, resulting in genetic females born with masculinized genitals. A. Androgenization syndrome (AS) B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) C. Guevodoces D. Hermaphroditism 19. In the course of biological gender differentiation in prenatal development, ______. A. major gender differences are created in the frontal lobe of the brain B. major differences are created in the hypothalamus C. most gender differentiation occurs postnatally D. gender differences in the external genitals occur before ovaries or testes differentiate 20. Men deprived of their main source of testosterone by castration show a dramatic decrease in sexual behavior in some, but not all, cases. Based on this research, we can infer that ______. A. there is not enough evidence to say that testosterone has an impact on sexual desire in men B. testosterone is linked to sexual desire but not the driving factor C. androgens do not play a significant role in sexual desire in men D. testosterone has an activating effect in maintaining sexual desire in men Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 10: Biology and Gender 21. The traditional model in psychology has maintained that hormones influence behavior. However, research shows that testosterone levels rise in both men and women following an interpersonal competitive victory. This highlights ______. A. the unidirectional influence of hormones on behaviors and experiences B. the bidirectional influence of hormones and behaviors/experiences C. how hormones are a fixed and unchanging biological factor D. the unidirectional influence of behaviors and experiences on hormones **************************************************************************************************** 22. Research on male–female differences in brain size ______. A. shows that women’s slightly lower scores on IQ tests are due to their slightly smaller brains B. shows that men have several different advantages because of their larger brain size C. has failed to demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence D. shows that although women’s brain size is smaller, they outperform males on IQ tests 23. Differences between female and male brains are found in the ______. A. thalamus B. hypothalamus C. cerebellum D. adrenal gland 24. Research on the corpus callosum in humans indicates that ______. A. men have a slightly larger corpus callosum overall B. women have a larger corpus callosum which accounts for their superior verbal ability C. the size of the corpus callosum is stable by 12 years of age D. when it is damaged by stroke, spatial ability is impaired 25. In brain research, ______ refers to the extent to which a particular function is handled by one hemisphere of the brain or both. A. hemispherization B. localization C. lateralization D. subordination 26. The most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from research into single-sex schooling is that ______. A. the brains of boys and girls differ in important ways B. boys and girls have different learning styles C. it decreases prejudice and stereotypes D. it does not produce better outcomes Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 10: Biology and Gender 27. fMRI research is often used to reinforce stereotypes. This is an example of ______. A. neurosexism B. epigenetics C. modern sexism D. stereotype confirmation bias 28. In regards to Joel’s (2015) concept of the gender brain mosaic, regions that don’t show a male–female difference are termed ______. A. intersex B. transitional C. intermediate D. intermediary 29. Research on differences in the brains of people who are transgender is based on the assumption that ______. A. there are more similarities than differences between human male and female brains B. there are clear differences between human male and female brains C. transgender brains are very different from cisgender brains D. transgender brains are mostly similar to cisgender brains 30. Longitudinal studies on trans women have found that after 4 months of hormone treatment, ______. A. brain volume increased and was in the top 1% of male brain size B. brain volume stayed the same and remained in the male range C. brain volume decreased and was more in the female range D. brain volume stayed the same, but decreased after 12 months of hormone treatment Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health 1. The initial field trials for the birth control pill, whose risk was unknown at the time, were conducted among poor women in Puerto Rico. This is an example of ______. A. how needed the birth control pill was by poor women B. how class and ethnicity are factors relating to irresponsible medical research C. the opportunities for poor women of color to participate in research D. how research can be generalizable to the population 2. Worldwide, being born female is dangerous to your health because ______. A. pregnancy and childbirth are still relatively dangerous B. more female fetuses die than male fetuses C. suicide and homicide are more common among women than men D. women are at a higher risk for deadly diseases than men are 3. An Afghanistan woman’s chances of dying from pregnancy and childbirth are ______. A. 1 in 2 B. 1 in 33 C. 1 in 50 D. 1 in 97 8. A baby born in the United States today is expected to live to the age of ______. A. 72 years B. 75 years C. 79 years D. 72 years 4. Heart disease and cancer are ______. A. leading causes of death for women but not men B. leading causes of death for men but not women C. leading causes of death for White women and men but not Black women and men D. leading causes of death for women and men 5. Which of the following is true regarding gender, race, and heart disease? A. There are no race differences in the rate of death from heart disease. B. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for Black women but not for White women. C. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. D. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for White and Black men but not women. 6. Men have higher death rates than women from which of the following? A. homicide B. Alzheimer’s C. pneumonia D. respiratory diseases Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health 7. African American students under stereotype threat show increased levels of ______. A. testosterone B. cholesterol C. blood pressure D. estrogen 9. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are ______. A. hormones produced by the ovaries B. hormones secreted by the pituitary gland C. hormones secreted by the adrenal glands D. hormones shared by both women and men 10. During a natural menstrual cycle, estrogen levels ______. A. are fairly constant B. are low except during the luteal phase C. peak during menstruation D. peak twice, once before ovulation and once in the luteal phase 11. “Dysmenorrhea” refers to ______. A. failure to menstruate B. the first 14 days of menstruation C. painful menstruation D. irregular menstruation 12. The substance that causes menstrual cramps is ______. A. prostaglandins B. estrogen C. amenorrhea D. cortisol 13. Research on hormones and mood during the menstrual cycle indicates that ______. A. factors such as stress, health, and social support may be more important than mood B. hormone levels drop off sharply, leading to a more depressed mood C. premenstrual tension occurs as a result of hormone increases D. progesterone is high and mood fluctuates considerably 14. According to a social construction point of view, PMS is ______. A. a result of drug companies’ efforts to sell their products B. present in all patriarchal societies C. a socially acceptable attribution for women’s anger D. present only in societies affected by Western medicine Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health 15. An increase in hot flashes is an example of ______. A. a common symptom of menstruation B. a common symptom of menopause C. a common symptom of aging among both women and men D. a common symptom of aging among women 16. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause ______. A. is ineffective in relieving hot flashes B. causes osteoporosis C. increases vaginal dryness D. increases the risk of heart attack and stroke 17. Although the rate of unintended pregnancies in the United States is down overall, it is highest among ______. A. young White poor women B. poor women, women of color, and young women C. young Black poor women D. young Latinx poor women 18. During the first trimester of pregnancy, many women feel anxious about ______. A. morning sickness B. ingesting the right amount of nutrients C. miscarriage D. changes in their hormone levels 19. In the first stage of childbirth, the cervix must dilate to ______. A. 10 cm B. 4 cm C. 8 cm D. 12 cm 20. Which of these occurs during the third stage of labor? A. delivery of the child B. labor and pushing C. delivery of the placenta D. the cervix dilates halfway 21. While some degree of emotional ups and downs is common for new mothers, more severe experiences of irritability, anxiety, and sadness may be symptoms of ______. A. motherhood melancholy B. postnatal concern C. stress overload D. postpartum depression Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health 22. About ______ of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. A. 20% B. 10% C. 5% D. 35% 23. The most common cancer among women is ______ cancer. A. lung B. breast C. skin D. cervical 24. The best time for a woman to examine herself for breast lumps is ______. A. during menstruation B. about mid-cycle C. annually when you get a Pap smear D. just before intercourse 25. Currently, the recommended procedure for treating breast cancer that has spread to the muscle and lymph nodes is ______. A. radical mastectomy B. modified radical mastectomy C. lumpectomy D. chemotherapy 26. Which woman is more likely to die from breast cancer? A. White women B. Black women C. Asian women D. trans women 27. Cervical cancer is caused by ______. A. human immunodeficiency virus B. herpes virus C. human papillomavirus D. genetic factors 28. Before medical treatments for gender transition can occur, ______ is/are required. A. a full body scan and physical B. pubertal suppression C. hormone suppression D. assessment and referral by a mental health professional Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 11: Psychology, Gender, and Health 29. A transgender man may decide to use testosterone to get a deeper voice and grow facial hair. This is an example of ______. A. medical transition B. testosterone adjustment C. surgical transition D. hormone blockers 30. In a study by De Cuypere et al. (2005), transgender women and transgender men overall reported feeling ______ regarding their surgical transition. A. dissatisfied B. satisfied C. ambiguous D. regretful Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 1. Although the excitement phase looks different for men and women, the underlying mechanism, ______, is the same. A. myotonia B. vasocongestion C. genital expansion D. orgasm 2. The ______ is the most sexually sensitive organ in the female body. A. vagina B. cervix C. clitoris D. genital glans 3. In the sexual response cycle, vaginal lubrication in the female corresponds most closely to ______ in the male. A. erection B. ejaculation C. muscular tension D. there is no comparable response 4. The elevation of the clitoris occurs during which stage of the sexual response cycle? A. excitement B. plateau C. orgasm D. resolution 5. Lubrication appears on the walls of the vagina during which stage of the sexual response cycle? A. excitement B. plateau C. orgasm D. resolution 6. Sexual desire, vasocongestion, and the muscle contractions of orgasm make up the components of which model? A. triphasic model B. dual control model C. Masters and Johnson’s model D. traditional arousal model Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 7. Sexual inhibition is a component of which model? A. triphasic model B. dual control model C. Masters and Johnson’s model D. traditional arousal model 8. According to the dual control model, someone who is very high on excitation and low on inhibition may ______. A. develop sexual desire disorders B. abstain from sex more often than others C. never need arousal medications D. engage in risky sexual behaviors 9. Masters and Johnson dispelled Freud’s myth regarding the female orgasm by showing that, physiologically, there is/are ______ kind(s) of orgasm. A. one B. two C. three D. four 10. Female orgasm ______. A. may be either vaginal or clitoral, depending on the locus of stimulation B. is always followed by a refractory period C. physiologically is the contractions of the orgasmic platform D. physiologically is the secretion of lubricating fluid 11. Unlike women, men must go through a ______ following orgasm before they are capable of arousal again. A. resolution phase B. refraining period C. refractory period D. recharge phase 12. A study (Bachmann & Leiblum, 1991) of healthy women in their 60s, all with a male partner, found that those who were sexually active reported intercourse an average of ______ time(s) per month. A. one B. two C. three D. five Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 13. Bachmann and Leiblum (1991) found that women who were sexually active had ______ atrophy of the genitals than the women who were not sexually active. A. less B. more C. the same amount of D. much more 14. The G-spot is the popularized term for the ______. A. clitoris B. vagina C. Skene’s gland D. clitoris glans 15. Perry and Whipple estimated that ______ of women ejaculate. A. less than 5% B. 10%–20% C. 25%–35% D. 55%–70% 16. In a study by Alexander and Fisher (2003), college students were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions and brought to the lab to fill out questionnaires about their sexual attitudes and behaviors. The researchers found that in the bogus pipeline condition, ______. A. men reported more sex partners than women B. women and men reported about the same number of sex partners C. women reported more sex partners than men D. women and men both reported less sex partners than the other two conditions 17. Chivers et al. (2007) conducted a study measuring the physiological levels of arousal of men and women while they watched a series of 90-s clips from seven stimulus categories. They found ______. A. men responded to a wider range of stimuli, regardless of actor gender B. men and women responded to stimuli equally, on average C. women responded to a wider range of stimuli, regardless of actor gender D. gay men responded to a wider range of stimuli than women, but women responded to a wider range of stimuli than heterosexual men 18. According to Else-Quest and Hyde, an important force shaping female sexuality is ______. A. nonresponsiveness of the clitoris B. parents’ teaching that sex is to be feared C. lack of experience with masturbation D. inability to orgasm Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 19. ______ refers to the evaluation of male behavior and female behavior according to different standards, especially in the area of sexuality. A. The double standard B. Ambivalence C. Evaluation bias D. Bievaluation 20. Most discussions of teenage girls’ sexuality focus on topics such as teen pregnancy and date rape. Psychologist Michele Fine (1988) believed that conversation regarding adolescent women’s sexual needs for pleasure was lacking. Also referred to as the ______. A. noncommunication of desire B. limited desire content analysis C. limited conversation of desire D. missing discourse of desire 21. A content analysis of teen magazines for girls in the United States (Joshi et al., 2011) indicated that cultural factors ______. A. play a major role in the socialization of girls’ sexuality B. do not play a bigger role in the socialization of girls’ sexuality than parents C. influence boys more than girls during adolescence D. focus more on girls’ sexual desire than boys’ 22. Sexuality is fundamentally about the body, but for many transpersons, ______. A. the body can be realigned B. sex can be an out of body experience C. the body is the problem D. the focus is on the connection to the other person 23. ______ were the least likely to have wanted their first sexual experience. A. White women B. African American women C. Asian American women D. Latinx women 24. ______ women’s sexuality has been stereotyped as submissive and dependent on men. A. Black B. Asian C. American Indian D. White Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 25. ______ women’s sexuality is essentially invisible. A. Black B. Asian C. American Indian D. White 27. Roughly ______ of women report no sexual desire, with the percentage ______ as women age. A. 20%–35%; decreasing B. 10%–15%; increasing C. 20%–35%; increasing D. 10%–15%; decreasing 28. Family background in which sex was considered dirty and sinful, previous sexual assault, and long experience of painful intercourse due to a physical problem can all be common symptoms of ______. A. vaginismus B. anorgasmia C. arousal disorder D. hypoactive sexual desire 29. Rather than focusing on achievement, Masters and Johnson’s sex therapy focuses on ______. A. the partner B. level of orgasm C. the senses D. the individual 30. Kegel exercises are an example of recommendations to ______. A. increase women’s sexual pleasure B. increase women’s sexual arousal C. increase women’s chance of orgasm D. increase women’s ability to have vaginal childbirth Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 1. Although the excitement phase looks different for men and women, the underlying mechanism, ______, is the same. A. myotonia B. vasocongestion C. genital expansion D. orgasm 2. The ______ is the most sexually sensitive organ in the female body. A. vagina B. cervix C. clitoris D. genital glans 3. In the sexual response cycle, vaginal lubrication in the female corresponds most closely to ______ in the male. A. erection B. ejaculation C. muscular tension D. there is no comparable response 4. The elevation of the clitoris occurs during which stage of the sexual response cycle? A. excitement B. plateau C. orgasm D. resolution 5. Lubrication appears on the walls of the vagina during which stage of the sexual response cycle? A. excitement B. plateau C. orgasm D. resolution 6. Sexual desire, vasocongestion, and the muscle contractions of orgasm make up the components of which model? A. triphasic model B. dual control model C. Masters and Johnson’s model D. traditional arousal model Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 7. Sexual inhibition is a component of which model? A. triphasic model B. dual control model C. Masters and Johnson’s model D. traditional arousal model 8. According to the dual control model, someone who is very high on excitation and low on inhibition may ______. A. develop sexual desire disorders B. abstain from sex more often than others C. never need arousal medications D. engage in risky sexual behaviors 9. Masters and Johnson dispelled Freud’s myth regarding the female orgasm by showing that, physiologically, there is/are ______ kind(s) of orgasm. A. one B. two C. three D. four 10. Female orgasm ______. A. may be either vaginal or clitoral, depending on the locus of stimulation B. is always followed by a refractory period C. physiologically is the contractions of the orgasmic platform D. physiologically is the secretion of lubricating fluid 11. Unlike women, men must go through a ______ following orgasm before they are capable of arousal again. A. resolution phase B. refraining period C. refractory period D. recharge phase 12. A study (Bachmann & Leiblum, 1991) of healthy women in their 60s, all with a male partner, found that those who were sexually active reported intercourse an average of ______ time(s) per month. A. one B. two C. three D. five Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 13. Bachmann and Leiblum (1991) found that women who were sexually active had ______ atrophy of the genitals than the women who were not sexually active. A. less B. more C. the same amount of D. much more 14. The G-spot is the popularized term for the ______. A. clitoris B. vagina C. Skene’s gland D. clitoris glans 15. Perry and Whipple estimated that ______ of women ejaculate. A. less than 5% B. 10%–20% C. 25%–35% D. 55%–70% 16. In a study by Alexander and Fisher (2003), college students were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions and brought to the lab to fill out questionnaires about their sexual attitudes and behaviors. The researchers found that in the bogus pipeline condition, ______. A. men reported more sex partners than women B. women and men reported about the same number of sex partners C. women reported more sex partners than men D. women and men both reported less sex partners than the other two conditions 17. Chivers et al. (2007) conducted a study measuring the physiological levels of arousal of men and women while they watched a series of 90-s clips from seven stimulus categories. They found ______. A. men responded to a wider range of stimuli, regardless of actor gender B. men and women responded to stimuli equally, on average C. women responded to a wider range of stimuli, regardless of actor gender D. gay men responded to a wider range of stimuli than women, but women responded to a wider range of stimuli than heterosexual men 18. According to Else-Quest and Hyde, an important force shaping female sexuality is ______. A. nonresponsiveness of the clitoris B. parents’ teaching that sex is to be feared C. lack of experience with masturbation D. inability to orgasm Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 19. ______ refers to the evaluation of male behavior and female behavior according to different standards, especially in the area of sexuality. A. The double standard B. Ambivalence C. Evaluation bias D. Bievaluation 20. Most discussions of teenage girls’ sexuality focus on topics such as teen pregnancy and date rape. Psychologist Michele Fine (1988) believed that conversation regarding adolescent women’s sexual needs for pleasure was lacking. Also referred to as the ______. A. noncommunication of desire B. limited desire content analysis C. limited conversation of desire D. missing discourse of desire 21. A content analysis of teen magazines for girls in the United States (Joshi et al., 2011) indicated that cultural factors ______. A. play a major role in the socialization of girls’ sexuality B. do not play a bigger role in the socialization of girls’ sexuality than parents C. influence boys more than girls during adolescence D. focus more on girls’ sexual desire than boys’ 22. Sexuality is fundamentally about the body, but for many transpersons, ______. A. the body can be realigned B. sex can be an out of body experience C. the body is the problem D. the focus is on the connection to the other person 23. ______ were the least likely to have wanted their first sexual experience. A. White women B. African American women C. Asian American women D. Latinx women 24. ______ women’s sexuality has been stereotyped as submissive and dependent on men. A. Black B. Asian C. American Indian D. White Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality 25. ______ women’s sexuality is essentially invisible. A. Black B. Asian C. American Indian D. White 27. Roughly ______ of women report no sexual desire, with the percentage ______ as women age. A. 20%–35%; decreasing B. 10%–15%; increasing C. 20%–35%; increasing D. 10%–15%; decreasing 28. Family background in which sex was considered dirty and sinful, previous sexual assault, and long experience of painful intercourse due to a physical problem can all be common symptoms of ______. A. vaginismus B. anorgasmia C. arousal disorder D. hypoactive sexual desire 29. Rather than focusing on achievement, Masters and Johnson’s sex therapy focuses on ______. A. the partner B. level of orgasm C. the senses D. the individual 30. Kegel exercises are an example of recommendations to ______. A. increase women’s sexual pleasure B. increase women’s sexual arousal C. increase women’s chance of orgasm D. increase women’s ability to have vaginal childbirth Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation 1. ______ is an umbrella term for all people with nonheterosexual sexual identities and behaviors. A. Homosexual B. Bisexual C. Multisexual D. Sexual minority 2. Women wearing clothing, makeup, and jewelry that match express their gender is an example of ______. A. gender consistency B. performativity C. appearance manifestation D. inconsistent expression 3. While antigay prejudice is a term some prefer over homophobia, ______ is a related term. A. homosexism B. sexual discrimination C. heterosexism D. gay intolerance 4. Data shows that American’s attitudes toward people who are not heterosexual have become ______ over roughly 40 years. A. substantially more accepting B. slightly more accepting C. nonsignificant D. slightly less accepting 5. Heterosexist language, misgendering a person, and not inviting a same-gender partner to a family gather are examples of ______. A. immaturity B. hate crimes C. unintentional discrimination D. microaggressions 6. According to a meta-analysis of research on victimization, ______ have experienced a physical assault because of their sexual orientation. A. 56% B. 19% of women and 28% of men C. 28% D. 48% of women and 10% of men Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation 7. Research on homosexual relationships indicates that when compared to heterosexual couples, they ______. A. tend to have higher relationship quality B. do not differ on relationship quality C. have lower relationship quality D. do not differ in the balance of power 8. In 2000, Vermont was the first state to ______. A. allow adoption between two female partners B. provide health insurance for same-gender partners of state employees C. ban discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace D. provide legal civil unions to same-gender couples 9. Same-sex marriage became federally legal in the United States in ______. A. 2013 B. 2014 C. 2015 D. 2016 10. The concept of a fixed sexual orientation and identity is a ______. A. Western notion that is not shared by some other cultures B. common idea around most of the world’s cultures C. mostly Eastern belief with only a few Western cultures agreeing D. rare belief that many cultures do not share 11. Situation-dependent flexibility in women’s sexual responsiveness to women or men is termed as ______. A. situationality B. heteroflexibility C. identity confusion D. sexual fluidity 12. Cheryl has ties in both the homosexual community and the heterosexual community. This is an example of ______. A. heteronormativity B. dual identity C. bisexuality D. cross-sexual identity 13. For most sexual minority women, ______ is a vulnerable and developmental process. A. dating another woman B. coming out C. developing attraction to women D. accepting their sexuality Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation 14. Typically, women and men disclose their non-heterosexual orientation to their ______ first. A. sibling B. father C. mother D. cousin 15. Homosexuality was seen as a mental disorder until ______. A. 1973 B. 1966 C. 1985 D. 1991 16. Empirical research on the adjustment of homosexual women ______. A. indicates that they have low self-esteem as a result of society's discrimination against them B. indicates that they have many problems of adjustment C. shows that homosexual women do not differ from heterosexual women in their self-esteem D shows that homosexuals are more frequently anxious than heterosexuals are 17. In social psychological terms, being a sexual minority person ______. A. is associated with stigma and stress B. puts one at higher risk for low self-esteem C. can be measured with the IAT D. has more positive impacts than negative impacts 18. Guidelines for therapists in order to better serve sexual minority clients are created by the ______. A. National Therapeutic Alliance B. Psychiatry Association of America C. Therapists for Equality Coalition D. American Psychological Association 19. Research indicates that same-sex couples ______. A. rarely end up having children B. create a family through artificial insemination more than any other method C. have various ways of creating families with children D. typically tend to only have one child 20. Genetics, brain factors, and hormones are examples of ______. A. factors that are influenced by one’s sexual orientation B. biological explanations for sexual orientation that have been proposed C. reasons the idea of multiple sexual orientations have been challenged D. critical developmental factors in one’s gender identity Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 13: Gender and Sexual Orientation 21. One genome scan has been done for sexual orientation and it was done with ______. A. women only B. both women and men C. men only D. women and men who were heterosexual 22. Much research in the field of comparing homosexual people and heterosexual people send the message that ______. A. being homosexual is a problem or deficit B. homosexual women are invisible C. homosexual women and men have many similarities D. homosexual women are very different from heterosexual women 23. In comparing homosexual men and women, it appears that ______. A. female homosexuality is more frequent B. women are more promiscuous C. men have a larger number of different partners compared with women D. women are more likely to cheat in a relationship 24. Sexual minority women of color ______. A. experience triple oppression B. usually identify more with their ethnic identity than their sexual orientation C. are less likely to come out than white women D. are rare in the United States 25. In comparison to White women, African American and Latina women reported ______. A. coming out at an older age B. having more social support when coming out C. are more represented in the research D. wondering and deciding they were attracted to females at a younger age 26. The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting is an example of ______. A. a rare hate crime in the United States B. gun violence against women C. continued violence against gay people of color D. violence against gay Jewish men 27. According to the queer of color critique, ______. A. more queer people of color should come out in order for others to feel comfortable to do the same B. we must consider the historical context of violence against queer people of color C. queer White people should be doing more to support the rights of queer people of color. D. queer people of color should take pride in their sexual orientation Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 1. In regard to reporting gender-based violence, most victims ______. A. report right away B. gain sufficient social support after reporting C. perceive that the costs outweigh the benefits D. are usually believed 2. Unlike the FBI’s old definition of rape, the updated definition ______. A. focuses the fact that consent is not given B. indicates victims and perpetrators can be any gender C. indicates violence against women specifically D. physical force is required 3. A woman has a ______ chance of being a victim of rape or attempted rape while a man has ______. A. 33.3%; 4% B. 10%; 5% C. 19.5%; 1.5% D. 50%; 6.7% 4. Data show that sexual violence, such as rape, is alarmingly prevalent among ______. A. ethnic minority populations B. Black and Latinx populations C. the gay male population D. sexual minority and trans populations 5. Having persistent and intrusive flashbacks, trouble sleeping, and reactive behaviors are examples of ______. A. PTSD symptoms B. normal symptoms of aging C. symptoms of suicide ideation D. pain disorder symptoms 6. A woman discloses to a friend that she was raped. The friend asks, “What were you wearing and were you drinking too much?” This is an example of ______. A. acquiring all of the facts B. victim blaming C. supporting the victim D. the victim self-blaming Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 7. Researchers found that the Jezebel stereotype was associated with ______ in Black women. A. lower self-esteem B. increased sexual behavior C. higher self-esteem D. decreased sexual behavior 8. Growing up in a violent home environment is an example of ______. A. a risk factor for women to be raped B. a protective factor for men C. a risk factor for men to rape women D. a protective factor for social disorganization 9. ______ is a factor that seems to reduce a man’s likelihood of committing rape. A. Willpower B. Intelligence C. Morality D. Empathy 10. “The rapist is the product of male gender-role socialization.” The psychologist who said this most likely believes in the ______ theoretical model of rape. A. victim-precipitated B. psychoanalytic C. psychopathology of rapist D. feminist 11. A juror who decides that the rape victim was really a slut who got herself into this situation and is trying to get the man in trouble is using the concept of ______. A. victim-precipitated rape B. the ego-split rapist C. the silent rape reaction 12. According to Baron and Straus’s study of rape rates across the states of the United States, ______. A. pornography does not significantly influence attitudes about rape B. gender inequality is related to rape C. social disorganization is not significantly related to rape D. morality and control are related to rape 13. Psychological research evidence has demonstrated that pornography ______. A. may promote sexual violence B. increases positive attitudes about women C. may decrease rape rates D. is more likely to be viewed by sexually violent men Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 14. Partners explicitly and voluntarily agreeing to have sexual relations with one another is an example of ______. A. negative consent B. coercive consent C. affirmative consent D. temporary consent 15. Awareness-based programs, empathy-based programs, and bystander intervention programs are all ______. A. ineffective B. examples of rape prevention programs C. based on expectancy-value theory D. designed to prevent victimization of sexual minorities 16. The most effective rape prevention programs ______. A. use a lecture and presentation style B. have older, experienced adults lead the presentation C. have participants actively practice skills D. focus on mixed-gender groups 17. Research has found that ______ is the most effective psychotherapy model when treating rape victims. A. solution-focused therapy B. feminist theory therapy C. experiential therapy D. cognitive-behavioral therapy 18. Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) is ______. A. a standard treatment for incarcerated sex offenders B. a program of relaxation to treat rape victims C. an effective rape prevention program D. a way of predicting which states have the highest rape rates 19. Women are more likely to be attacked, raped, injured, or killed by ______ than by any other type of assailant. A. strangers B. previous offenders C. current or former male partners D. men who have been incarcerated 20. Research shows that ______ women have the highest lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking. A. Black B. American Indian or Alaska Native C. multiracial D. White Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 21. In a community sample of transgender adults, White Hughto et al. (2017) found that ______ reported they had experienced intimate partner violence. A. one eighth B. one third C. about half D. over half 22. Emotional numbing, extreme passivity, and helplessness are examples of ______. A. symptoms of a batterer B. short-term responses of long-term IPV victims C. cognitive impairment symptoms of IPV victims D. long-term responses of long-term IPV victims 23. In regard to the intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence, research indicates that childhood exposure to parents’ IPV ______ the chances that one commits IPV in adulthood and ______ the chances that one is the victim of IPV in adulthood. A. doubles; triples B. triples; triples C. doubles; doubles D. triples; doubles 24. Having an insecure or disorganized attachment style, experiencing childhood trauma, and having more traditional gender roles are examples of ______. A. risk factors IPV perpetrators B. risk factors for dysphoric-borderline batterers C. risk factors for IPV victims D. risk factors for rapists 25. Research shows that the causes of intimate partner violence are ______ causes of rape. A. similar to B. different from C. more prevalent than D. less severe than 26. Mandatory arrest, shock arrest, and no-drop policies are examples of ______. A. empowering rape victims B. common legal treatment of rapists and IPV perpetrators C. legal and police reform in preventing IPV D. police reform on gun regulation in relation to IPV Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 27. The pattern of quid pro quo harassment, in which sexual favors are a requirement for employment, ______. A. is rare B. is illegal C. is legal D. occurs in most corporate businesses 28. One meta-analysis found that ______ of women reported having experienced a behavior at work that fits the definition of sexual harassment. A. 34% B. 45% C. 58% D. 73% 29. According to Pryor’s model, the man who sexually harasses is ______. A. high in likelihood to sexually harass B. both high in likelihood to sexually harass and in a situation conducive to harassment C. likely from a violent family D. above normal in testosterone levels 30. Forced prostitution, forced labor and marriage, organ removal, and the exploitation of children are examples of ______. A. slavery that is not common today B. human trading C. migrants trying to get out of poverty D. human trafficking 31. In regard to evidence on the recovered memory/false memory debate, ______. A. laboratory studies show that information associated with unpleasant emotions may be forgotten for a period of time and then remembered again. B. there is evidence that about 40% of therapists unscrupulously implant false memories of abuse in their female clients C. over half of the victims of child sexual abuse reported delayed recall of it D. there is more evidence supporting false memory than recovered memory 32. Studies of adults who were sexually abused as children indicate that they ______. A. are likely to become schizophrenic B. tend to be overachievers C. have elevated rates of psychological distress D. do not differ from adults who were not abused as children Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 1. In regard to reporting gender-based violence, most victims ______. A. report right away B. gain sufficient social support after reporting C. perceive that the costs outweigh the benefits D. are usually believed 2. Unlike the FBI’s old definition of rape, the updated definition ______. A. focuses the fact that consent is not given B. indicates victims and perpetrators can be any gender C. indicates violence against women specifically D. physical force is required 3. A woman has a ______ chance of being a victim of rape or attempted rape while a man has ______. A. 33.3%; 4% B. 10%; 5% C. 19.5%; 1.5% D. 50%; 6.7% 4. Data show that sexual violence, such as rape, is alarmingly prevalent among ______. A. ethnic minority populations B. Black and Latinx populations C. the gay male population D. sexual minority and trans populations 5. Having persistent and intrusive flashbacks, trouble sleeping, and reactive behaviors are examples of ______. A. PTSD symptoms B. normal symptoms of aging C. symptoms of suicide ideation D. pain disorder symptoms 6. A woman discloses to a friend that she was raped. The friend asks, “What were you wearing and were you drinking too much?” This is an example of ______. A. acquiring all of the facts B. victim blaming C. supporting the victim D. the victim self-blaming Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 7. Researchers found that the Jezebel stereotype was associated with ______ in Black women. A. lower self-esteem B. increased sexual behavior C. higher self-esteem D. decreased sexual behavior 8. Growing up in a violent home environment is an example of ______. A. a risk factor for women to be raped B. a protective factor for men C. a risk factor for men to rape women D. a protective factor for social disorganization 9. ______ is a factor that seems to reduce a man’s likelihood of committing rape. A. Willpower B. Intelligence C. Morality D. Empathy 10. “The rapist is the product of male gender-role socialization.” The psychologist who said this most likely believes in the ______ theoretical model of rape. A. victim-precipitated B. psychoanalytic C. psychopathology of rapist D. feminist 11. A juror who decides that the rape victim was really a slut who got herself into this situation and is trying to get the man in trouble is using the concept of ______. A. victim-precipitated rape B. the ego-split rapist C. the silent rape reaction 12. According to Baron and Straus’s study of rape rates across the states of the United States, ______. A. pornography does not significantly influence attitudes about rape B. gender inequality is related to rape C. social disorganization is not significantly related to rape D. morality and control are related to rape 13. Psychological research evidence has demonstrated that pornography ______. A. may promote sexual violence B. increases positive attitudes about women C. may decrease rape rates D. is more likely to be viewed by sexually violent men Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 14. Partners explicitly and voluntarily agreeing to have sexual relations with one another is an example of ______. A. negative consent B. coercive consent C. affirmative consent D. temporary consent 15. Awareness-based programs, empathy-based programs, and bystander intervention programs are all ______. A. ineffective B. examples of rape prevention programs C. based on expectancy-value theory D. designed to prevent victimization of sexual minorities 16. The most effective rape prevention programs ______. A. use a lecture and presentation style B. have older, experienced adults lead the presentation C. have participants actively practice skills D. focus on mixed-gender groups 17. Research has found that ______ is the most effective psychotherapy model when treating rape victims. A. solution-focused therapy B. feminist theory therapy C. experiential therapy D. cognitive-behavioral therapy 18. Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) is ______. A. a standard treatment for incarcerated sex offenders B. a program of relaxation to treat rape victims C. an effective rape prevention program D. a way of predicting which states have the highest rape rates 19. Women are more likely to be attacked, raped, injured, or killed by ______ than by any other type of assailant. A. strangers B. previous offenders C. current or former male partners D. men who have been incarcerated 20. Research shows that ______ women have the highest lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking. A. Black B. American Indian or Alaska Native C. multiracial D. White Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 21. In a community sample of transgender adults, White Hughto et al. (2017) found that ______ reported they had experienced intimate partner violence. A. one eighth B. one third C. about half D. over half 22. Emotional numbing, extreme passivity, and helplessness are examples of ______. A. symptoms of a batterer B. short-term responses of long-term IPV victims C. cognitive impairment symptoms of IPV victims D. long-term responses of long-term IPV victims 23. In regard to the intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence, research indicates that childhood exposure to parents’ IPV ______ the chances that one commits IPV in adulthood and ______ the chances that one is the victim of IPV in adulthood. A. doubles; triples B. triples; triples C. doubles; doubles D. triples; doubles 24. Having an insecure or disorganized attachment style, experiencing childhood trauma, and having more traditional gender roles are examples of ______. A. risk factors IPV perpetrators B. risk factors for dysphoric-borderline batterers C. risk factors for IPV victims D. risk factors for rapists 25. Research shows that the causes of intimate partner violence are ______ causes of rape. A. similar to B. different from C. more prevalent than D. less severe than 26. Mandatory arrest, shock arrest, and no-drop policies are examples of ______. A. empowering rape victims B. common legal treatment of rapists and IPV perpetrators C. legal and police reform in preventing IPV D. police reform on gun regulation in relation to IPV Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 14: Gender and Victimization 27. The pattern of quid pro quo harassment, in which sexual favors are a requirement for employment, ______. A. is rare B. is illegal C. is legal D. occurs in most corporate businesses 28. One meta-analysis found that ______ of women reported having experienced a behavior at work that fits the definition of sexual harassment. A. 34% B. 45% C. 58% D. 73% 29. According to Pryor’s model, the man who sexually harasses is ______. A. high in likelihood to sexually harass B. both high in likelihood to sexually harass and in a situation conducive to harassment C. likely from a violent family D. above normal in testosterone levels 30. Forced prostitution, forced labor and marriage, organ removal, and the exploitation of children are examples of ______. A. slavery that is not common today B. human trading C. migrants trying to get out of poverty D. human trafficking 31. In regard to evidence on the recovered memory/false memory debate, ______. A. laboratory studies show that information associated with unpleasant emotions may be forgotten for a period of time and then remembered again. B. there is evidence that about 40% of therapists unscrupulously implant false memories of abuse in their female clients C. over half of the victims of child sexual abuse reported delayed recall of it D. there is more evidence supporting false memory than recovered memory 32. Studies of adults who were sexually abused as children indicate that they ______. A. are likely to become schizophrenic B. tend to be overachievers C. have elevated rates of psychological distress D. do not differ from adults who were not abused as children Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues 1. Today, gender bias in diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues is ______. A. nonexistent B. more subtle C. similar to old-fashioned sexism D. more common 2. A meta-analysis included studies from 90 countries, finding that gender differences in depression ______. A. vary somewhat but have generally the same pattern B. have different patterns, with more women experiencing depression in Western countries and more men experiencing depression in Eastern countries C. have different patterns, with more men experiencing depression in Western countries and more women experiencing depression in Eastern countries D. vary, with women experiencing more depression in Western countries, but no gender differences in Eastern countries 3. At which life stage do we see the highest gender differences in depression? A. childhood B. adolescence C. young adulthood D. older adulthood 4. Affective, biological, and cognitive vulnerabilities are components of ______. A. protective factors that explain gender difference in depression during young adulthood B. the model used to determine risk factors for eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia C. vulnerabilities that explain gender difference in alcohol and substance abuse disorders throughout the life span D. the model that explains the emergence of gender difference in depression during adolescence 5. Genetics, issues associated with puberty, epigenetic factors, and neurobiological changes are examples of ______. A. psychobiological vulnerabilities of anxiety B. psychobiological vulnerabilities of depression C. biological vulnerabilities of depression D. factors that influence environmental risk factors Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues 6. Research on genetics and depression shows that ______. A. genes are more important influences on depression than stress B. two genes, SRY and 5-HTTLPR, are especially important in depression C. 5-HTTLPR interacts with stress in predicting depression D. carriers of the s allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene have an 80% chance of developing depression 7. Maria was in a car accident. When thinking about the event, she concludes that she is an accident-prone person and will probably have more car accidents and other accidents in the future. According to hopelessness theory, Maria ______. A. is not vulnerable to depression B. has a negative cognitive style C. is taking appropriate responsibility for her actions D. is ruminating on the event 8. In Abramson’s learned hopelessness theory, ______ is the vulnerability and ______ is/are the stress. A. negative cognitive style; negative life events B. low self-esteem; negative life events C. low self-esteem; poverty D. insecure attachment style; being the victim of violence 9. In theories of depression, ______ is the tendency to think repetitively about one’s depressed mood or negative life events. A. repetition disorder B. rumination C. negative cognitive style D. low self-esteem 10. Negative cognitive style, rumination, and objectified body consciousness are all ______. A. affective vulnerabilities to depression B. biological vulnerabilities to depression C. sources of stress for adolescent girls D. cognitive vulnerabilities to depression 11. Cirrhosis, poisoning, and motor vehicle crashes are examples of ______. A. the most common types of alcohol-attributed deaths among men B. the most common types of alcohol-attributed deaths among women C. the most common types of substance-abuse-attributed deaths among women D. the most common types of substance-abuse-attributed deaths among men Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues 12. The ratio of men to women with alcohol-use disorder is approximately ______. A. 1:1 B. 2:1 C. 3:1 D. 4:1 13. Genetic factors, a history of childhood adversity, and depression and anxiety are all ______. A. risk factors for incarceration B. protective factors for substance abuse disorders C. predictors of alcohol-use disorder in women D. factors that influence women to drink more than men 14. Women are more likely to have used heroin at the urging of ______, whereas men are more likely to have used it at the urging of ______. A. her best friend; a group of men B. a male sex partner; other men C. their pimp; a female sex partner D. their peer group; members of their sports team 15. Anorexia is more common in women, with a gender ratio of ______. A. 2:1 B. 4:1 C. 7:1 D. 12:1 16. More than ______ of people with anorexia are female. A. 92% B. 75% C. 50% D. 40% 17. Damage to teeth and esophagus are consequences of ______. A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia C. substance-use disorder D. alcohol-use disorder 18. Similar to substance addiction, research points to the possibility of ______ that leads individuals to engage in binge-eating. A. a history of family addiction B. dysfunction in the brain’s reward system C. exposure from peers and family D. differences in hormone levels Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues 19. Regarding possible biological causes of anorexia, ______. A. early puberty is a risk factor B. low levels of FSH and LH in early puberty predict later anorexia C. there are significant genetic effects D. endorphins are at abnormally high levels, and this seems to be the cause 20. What personality characteristic is a risk factor for eating disorders? A. neuroticism B. extroversion C. introversion D. perfectionism 21. Dissatisfaction with weight is so common among adolescent girls and women that it has been termed a ______. A. normative discontent B. common frustration C. typical dissatisfaction D. normal developmental phase 22. People with eating disorders have a variety of dysfunctional thought processes, such as believing themselves to be fat when they are emaciated. This dysfunctional thought is treated with ______. A. behavior therapy B. pharmacotherapy C. cognitive-behavioral therapy D. family therapy 23. According to family systems theory, ______. A. family events during the person’s childhood may predispose the individual to anorexia B. family therapy is most effective when paired with pharmaceuticals C. one of the hormone systems in the body is in imbalance that leads to anorexia D. anorexia is developed because the parents used rigid punishments 24. In terms of treating eating disorders, antidepressants ______. A. are very effective in treating anorexia and bulimia B. are very effective in treating anorexia C. are sometimes successful in treating bulimia D. have no value in treating eating disorders Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues 25. Feminists, concerned about gender bias in psychotherapy, argue that ______. A. PMS is not sufficiently recognized by male therapists B. diagnosis of a mental disorder is not an objective, value-free process C. only 30% of therapists are women, making it difficult for women to find a female therapist D. male therapists are more likely than female therapists to engage in sexist behaviors 26. Rather than “fixing” the client, a feminist therapist would ______. A. tell the client the right tools that will address the situation B. use their power to advocate for the client C. empower the client to deal with their situation D. encourage the client to use distraction to deal with their situation 27. Most psychotherapists are ______. A. multiracial B. international C. White D. men 28. Which of these is part of the American Psychological Association’s guidelines for culturally sensitive therapy? A. clients should recognize the cultural embeddedness of their problems B. therapists must make a commitment to acquiring knowledge about ethnicity issues C. clients need to be aware of their intersecting identities D. psychologists should assume that their negative biases and attitudes will always influence their practice and damage the client–therapist relationship 29. “Psychologists should understand that gender identity and sexual orientation are distinct but interrelated constructs” is a guideline for ______. A. working with people of color B. working with trans people C. working with adolescents D. working with adults 30. Regarding stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care for trans people, psychologists ______. A. do not need to do much in-depth research to understand the impacts B. will be more effective if they have experienced stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care themselves C. should engulf themselves in communities of trans people in order to be a better psychologist and treatment provider D. understand the need to promote social change that reduces negative effects of stigma Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect 1. In regard to gender equality in the last 150 years, feminism has made ______ progress. A. little B. some C. enormous D. no 2. When looking at gender traits, characteristics, and abilities, the general pattern is that females and males tend to be ______. A. more different than similar B. different biologically but similar psychologically C. more similar than different D. different psychologically but similar biologically 3. Respecting our common humanity and empowering those from marginalized groups is a part of which perspective? A. androgyny theory B. analysis of humanity C. re-visioning theory D. intersectional feminism 4. The traditional male role ______. A. is flexible and variable B. does not promote psychological well-being C. has been changing rapidly D. is similar to the traditional female role 5. A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of all people, regardless of gender, is referred to as a(n) ______. A. idealist B. feminist C. socialist D. humanist 6. According to feminism, “women’s issues” should be understood as ______. A. men’s issues B. traditional issues C. modern issues D. human issues Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect 7. Researchers used the ______ to measure women’s scores on their passive acceptance, including revelation, embeddedness, and active commitment. A. Feminist Identity Scale B. Socialization Scale C. Modern Feminism Scale D. Activist Scale 8. Researchers measured students’ passive acceptance before and after taking a gender and women’s studies classes and found that students’ passive acceptance ______. A. remained the same B. increased C. decreased D. increased for women but not for men in the class 9. Jane follows traditional gender roles and says that feminism is not needed because there is already equality for everyone. Jane is likely in which stage of feminist identity development? A. passive acceptance B. revelation C. embeddedness D. synthesis 10. Meera has developed a sense of connectedness with a support group of women, receiving affirmation and strength from them. Meera is likely in which stage of feminist identity development? A. passive acceptance B. revelation C. embeddedness D. synthesis 11. A woman who discovers sex discrimination as a result of a life event is in the ______ stage of feminist identity. A. synthesis B. revelation C. active commitment D. emanation 12. Taylor revised classical stress theory to incorporate women’s responses, which she characterizes as ______. A. care response B. a paradigm shift C. fight or flight D. tend and befriend Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect 13. A field study (Sherman et al., 2017) examined the affiliative behaviors of men and women after winning or losing a competition. From these results, we can infer that ______. A. there is some support for Taylor’s theory B. there are no gender differences in the stress response system C. there some gender differences in cortisol secretion D. women experience fight or flight 14. After measuring stress responses in dog handlers before and after competition, researchers found striking gender differences in ______. A. cortisol levels B. the biobehavioral response C. affiliative behaviors D. palpitation 15. According to Susan Faludi, in her book Backlash!, ______. A. a counterassault of antifeminism has been launched to attack the progress women have made over the last several decades B. women survivors of rape and battering need to unite to fight back against violent men C. the 1994 election of a Republican majority in Congress reinvigorated the feminist movement to fight back D. new reproductive technologies are leading to a decline in the status of the female role 16. The idea that women’s struggle to “do it all” is a result of feminists’ fight for women to have access to paid employment is an example of ______. A. feminisms faults B. the androcentrist perspective C. backlash against women and feminism D. Bennett’s theory 17. Social psychology laboratory experiments ______. A. support Faludi’s concept of backlash B. show that women who are consistent with gender stereotypes are sabotaged by another person C. show that when people are assigned to the role of feminist, they support violations of gender stereotypes D. most women won’t interrupt another woman violating gender roles 18. Jeanne Moorman found that at 30, a never-married, college-educated women had a ______ chance of marriage. A. 20%–25% B. 33%–38% C. 42%–50% D. 58%–66% Psych 235 - Psychology of Women Chapter 17: Retrospect and Prospect 19. Today, we are in the midst of feminism’s ______ wave. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth 20. The ______ was an example of affirmation and support for gender equality. A. Feminist March B. Women’s March C. Humanist March D. Gender Equality March