Gender and Society

• The presentation is on the topic of Gender & Society, presented by Angelica R. Lobo.

Defining Gender and Society

• Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, and expectations a society considers appropriate for individuals based on their sex.
• Society is defined as a group of individuals living together in an organized community and sharing common institutions, values, and norms.

Sex vs. Gender vs. Sexuality

• Sex: Biological and physiological characteristics define individuals as male or female, including reproductive organs, chromosomes (XX or XY), and hormones.
• Gender: Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and attributes society considers appropriate based on their sex, often categorized as masculine, feminine, or non-binary.
• Sexuality: An individual's sexual orientation and preferences, including who they are attracted to (e.g., heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) and how they express their sexual desires and identity.

Gender Identity and Orientation

• Gender identity refers to how individuals see and experience themselves as a man, a woman, or neither.
• Gender orientation is an individual's emotional and sexual attraction to a person.

Gender and Sexuality Across Time

• Patriarchy is a social system where men primarily hold power in political and private spheres.

Historical Views on Gender

• Greek society: Women were considered inferior and properties of men and forbidden from learning
• Egypt: Women enjoyed a higher social status, could inherit properties, and engage in trade and politics.
• China: There were "three obediences and four virtues," there were precepts of women

Women Empowerment

• Women's liberation movement, or feminism, is a continuous series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society.
• Goals of Feminism:
  • Women's suffrage.
  • Equality in politics and society.
  • Reproductive rights.
  • Addressing domestic violence.
  • Advocating against sexual harassment and sexual violence.
  • Securing other rights for women.

Gender and Sexuality as a Subject of Inquiry

• Gender role consists of a set of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity.

Gender Studies

• Gender studies involves the analysis of the creation and maintenance of gender norms to prevent inequalities in social, political, and economic spheres; it is about everyone, not just women.

Diversity and Inclusion

• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people often do not fit in the traditional binary gender roles and are often reprimanded, bullied, and discriminated against.

Gender Studies and Research

• Research can be done using qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods

Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research

• There must be informed consent
• Confidentiality and Anonymity must be garanteed
• Non-maleficence and beneficence must be considered
• Distributive justice must be guaranteed