GE 105 Purposive Communication Prelims Reviewer

• Study notes for GE 105 Purposive Communication Prelims Reviewer

Introduction to Communication

• Communication is vital for social relationships and expressing thoughts/emotions.
• Understanding communication's nature, principles, and application is important.
• This entails understanding different elements and ways of communicating in various contexts.

Communication Origami

• This activity highlights communication elements and barriers.
• Requires a handkerchief, square paper, and ball pen.

Nature of Communication

• It involves message transmittal through sounds or signals.
• Communication shapes the meaning of utterances or words.
• It's a tool that can change what happens and will happen.

Elements of Communication

• Sender: source of information.
• Receiver: recipient/decoder of information.
• Message: information relayed by the sender.
• Medium/Channel: tool used to relay the message.
• Feedback: response after decoding information.
• Noise: barrier affecting message transmission.
• Context: place/situation of the exchange.

Communication Defined

• Communication implies a common understanding.
• It's the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through interaction.
• Communication is a systemic process involving interaction through symbols to create and interpret meanings.

Communication Models

• Communication models visualize how communication works.
• Includes Linear, Interactional, and Transactional Models.

Linear Model

• Introduced by Shannon and Weaver (1949).
• It involves a straight flow of communication without feedback required.
• Example: TV, Newspaper, among others

Interactive Model

• Wilbur Schramm (1954) modified the Linear Model.
• The receiver responds to the sender with feedback.

Transactional Model

• Dean Barnlund (1970) states interpersonal communication, exchanges are simultaneous.
• It includes a multi-layered feedback system.
• e.g. Thesis defense/ panel setup

Types of Noises

• Noise obstructs communication or may cause miscommunication.
• Noises are also barriers to effective communication.
• Includes Internal and External Barriers.

Internal Barriers

• Impede communication, less control, takes place inside the body or mind
• Bodily conditions/physiological: discomfort, sickness, mental illness, hunger, and pain.
• Language/semantic, Limited Vocabulary, Foreign language, Accent, Dialect, Mispronunciation.
• Intrapersonal/Psychological: childhood insecurities, trauma, emotional experiences, biases, and preferences.

External Barriers

• Things outside impacting communication.
• Includes Environmental/Physical and Socio-Cultural aspects.
• Environmental/Physical: loud sounds, weather, distracting visuals, and facilities.
• Socio-Cultural: gender, cultural beliefs and traditions, ethics, laws, and regulations.

Communication Breakdown

• Result of communication failure, miscommunication, or lack of communication.

Communication Ethics

• Guidelines to avoid being unethical.
• Mutuality: pay attention to others' needs.
• Individual dignity: avoid causing embarrassment.
• Accuracy: ensure accurate information.
• Access to information: don't prevent people from accessing supporting information.
• Accountability: be responsible for communication consequences.
• Audience: both sender and receiver have full responsibilities ensuring message is understood.
• Relative truth: allow others to disagree respectfully.
• Ends vs. means: ensure communication goal and means are ethical.
• Use of power: those with more power have more responsibility for the outcome.
• Rights vs. responsibilities: balance rights with responsibilities.

Globalization and Communication in a Multicultural Setting

• Globalization has effects on trade, tourism, politics, language, and culture.
• It leads to language contact and challenges in communication.

Globalization's Impact on Communication

• Availability of information from different countries.
• It means avenues for advertising.
• Increased access to business advertising
• Increased social awareness of global events.

Negative Impacts of Globalization

• Environmental concerns because of increasing productions utilizing more resources
• In climate change from increased transportation
• This can lead to price fluctuation from increased competition

Communication and Culture

• Culture: knowledge and characteristics encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts.
• It shares manners, customs, beliefs, rituals, laws, values, and more.

Elements that Shape Culture

• Learned and transmitted across generations.
• Attitudes, beliefs, language, customs, behaviour, etc.

Elements of Culture

• Beliefs
• Customs
• Arts/Drama/Music
• Language
• Faith/Religion
• Food
• Behaviour
• Attitudes
• Rituals

Categories of Culture

• Material culture: tangible objects and resources.
• Non-Material culture: intangible ideas, values e.t.c.

Multiculturalism

• Respecting differences in cultures
• Accepting various cultures while maintaining respect
• It aims to include diverse views

Cultural Diversity

• It makes communication difficult due to differences in mindset, language, signs, and symbols.

Analogy of Culture

• Edward Hall compared culture to an iceberg.
• Visible part is food, art, language etc.
• Invisible parts are beliefs
• There are cultures that are also common to humanity.

Barriers to Effective International Communication

• Ethnocentrism: the belief that the in-group is better
• Can feel suspicious towards the norms belonging to the out-group
• Stereotypes and Prejudices: assigning generalized negative traits to a group.
• Can be traits assigned based on race, gender, religion, gender, social class.
• Assumed Similarities: assuming the group behaves the same way they do
• Anxiety: fear associated during communicating with another culture

Inclusive Language Guidelines

• In order to relay a certain meaning

Put People First

• Use correct language versus using disabled language.
• Don't mention descriptors unless they are relevant.

Mental Health Language

• Recognize the impact of mental health language.
• When we mix personality characteristics with real mental diagnoses we minimize the importance

Imagery usage

• terms for dark and black hold a negative connotation.

Universal Phrases

• Use universal phrases.

Gender-neutral Language

• It rejects generic use of man

Ask if You're Unsure

• Ask that person on how to communicate with him/her

Language Variety

• Refers to language triggered by social factors
• A language changes from region social class, to individual.

Language Varieties

• William Labov said Language is affected by the class gender age etc.

Common Filipinism

• Open the light/TV - Turn on/switch on the light/TV
• Time first - Time out
• This is the long cut, not the shortcut. - This is the long way, not the shortcut.
• Come again - Pardon me?; could you say that again please?
• Rubber shoes - Sneakers; trainers; running shoes
• Officemates - Co-workers; colleagues
• Go down (the vehicle) - Get off; I'm getting off from a vehicle

Language Registers

• Register: way speaker uses language differently in different circumstances.
• Determined by social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
• Registers are used in all forms of communication.

Types of Register

• Formal: appropriate for professional letters.
• Informal: used with friends and family.
• Neutral: delivers facts, not formal/informal.

Formal Register Rules

• Do not use contractions, spell out numbers, third person PoV, avoid passive voice, slang, idioms, clichés.

Five Registers by Martin Joos (1967)

• Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual, and Intimate.

Multimodal Text

• A multimodal text is an instructional resource that incorporates various modes of communication.

Multimodal

• New concept, can be a powerful tool

Multimodality

• Fairly new concept in the general academic setting

Different Modes in Communication

• Mode
• Media
• Linguistic

linguistic mode

• The most widely used most familiar to use is in video print etc.

visual mode

• Comprised of vectors color view poin in motion pictures

aural mode

• including spoken voice/ pitch tones music etc

Evaluating Multimodal Text

• Questions to ask include the message, purpose, audience, and effect.

Multimodal Text Creation

• Purpose, audience, and context must be considered.

Common Multimodal Texts

• Infographics
• Editorial Cartoon
• Advertisements

Infographics

• Using image to convey a clear message

Making a Good Infographic

• Good content must be used when using this

Advertisements

• Advertisements communicate layers of messages to a target audience through the use of words.