Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases Overview

<p>High contents of refined carbohydrates and low fiber content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carcinoid tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>98% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of colonic carcinomas with significant risk over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Annular encircling lesions with potential for obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sliding Hernia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chaga's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal zone hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-standing eosophagitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H.pylori (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intestinal type gastric carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imbalance between mucosal defense and aggressive forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial dysplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophagitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achalasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exhibits hyperkeratosis and can lead to carcinoma in situ. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It rarely exceeds 6 cm in diameter and is encapsulated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleomorphic adenoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor oral hygiene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Floor of the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can occur following antibiotic use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotic fibrinoid debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection with H.pylori (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linitis plastica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic NSAID exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90-95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmural layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucosal cell abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hirschsprung’s disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to gluten (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intestinal lymphomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreatic insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Curling’s ulcer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Painful, superficial ulcers in the mouth with unknown cause, possibly linked to systemic diseases.

A common viral infection causing painful blisters in the mouth, often reactivating later.

An infection in the mouth caused by Candida fungus, often related to antibiotic use or weakened immune systems.

A precancerous condition causing thickened, white patches in the mouth, linked to smoking, alcohol, and irritation.

The most common type of oral cancer. Risk factors include leukoplakia, smoking, alcohol, HPV, and chronic irritation.

Inflammation of one or more salivary glands, potentially caused by trauma, infection (like mumps), or autoimmune disorders.

A slow-growing, non-cancerous tumor in the salivary glands, composed of both epithelial and connective tissue.

A malignant tumor in the salivary glands, made up of both squamous and mucous cells.

A condition where a portion of the stomach pushes up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It's the most common type of hiatal hernia.

A less common type of hiatal hernia where a part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm and bulges outward, but doesn't slide up and down.

A condition that occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the valve between the esophagus and stomach, does not relax properly when you swallow, causing food to become trapped in the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing and chest pain.

A condition that occurs when the normal lining of the lower esophagus is replaced by abnormal tissue, often due to longstanding acid reflux. It is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Inflammation of the esophagus, which can be caused by various factors like prolonged intubation, ingestion of corrosives, chemotherapy, and reflux of stomach contents.

A type of cancer that arises from the lining of the esophagus. It's most commonly found in the lower third of the esophagus.

The most important pathogen causing chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, sometimes leading to ulcers and even cancer.

A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and erosion of the stomach lining, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. It can also be autoimmune, associated with other autoimmune disorders.

A temporary inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by factors like NSAID use, alcohol consumption, or stress. It typically resolves on its own.

An open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, usually caused by an imbalance between protective mechanisms and aggressive forces like acid.

A type of ulcer that occurs in the first part of the duodenum, often associated with factors like alcohol cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, and hyperparathyroidism.

The defense mechanisms of the stomach lining, which help to protect it from damage by acid and other aggressive forces.

Aggressive factors that can damage the stomach lining, such as acid, Helicobacter pylori infection, and NSAIDs.

These are the factors that contribute to the increased risk of duodenal ulcers.

A bacterium found in the stomach, it's associated with duodenal ulcers and a significant portion of gastric ulcers.

The process by which H. pylori causes ulcers, involving secretions like urease and enzymes like proteases.

Rounded, open sores in the digestive lining, about 2-4 cm in diameter, found in the duodenum and stomach. They are characterized by sharply defined edges with no significant elevation.

A type of gastritis caused by H. pylori, found in most patients with duodenal ulcers and many with gastric ulcers.

Ulcers that develop quickly in response to severe stress, mainly in the stomach. Common causes include trauma, burns, brain injury, and certain medications.

The most common type of gastric cancer, characterized by a slower growth rate and associated with factors like diet, H. pylori infection, and pernicious anemia.

A less common type of stomach cancer that typically affects younger patients and shows a more aggressive growth pattern. The cause is less understood.

A failure of the omphalo-mesenteric duct (a connection from the belly button to the gut) to close properly during development, resulting in a pouch-like protrusion in the ileum.

A condition where the colon is abnormally enlarged, caused by the lack of nerve plexuses that control bowel movements, impeding the passage of stool.

Chronic inflammation of the colon, typically affecting the rectal area first and spreading upwards. It is characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and weight loss.

A type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by inflamed areas with granulomas (collections of immune cells).

A condition characterized by an impaired ability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients, leading to malabsorption syndromes. It can have various causes, including pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal dysfunction, and mucosal abnormalities.

A condition where the small intestinal mucosa is damaged by exposure to gluten, a protein found in wheat, oats, barley, and rye, leading to inflammation and flattening of the intestinal villi.

A general term for inflammatory bowel diseases with unknown origins. These diseases involve abnormal immune responses and can be influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and potentially infections.

A type of diarrhea caused by excessive fluid secretion into the intestines, potentially due to infections (enterotoxins), tumors, or even laxative overuse.

Diarrhea caused by the body's inability to absorb certain substances, such as poorly digested food components or medications.

A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects the colon (large intestine). It causes inflammation that spreads continuously from the rectum upwards, potentially involving the entire colon. It's often linked to autoimmune conditions like arthritis and eye inflammation.

A rare, inflammatory bowel disease characterized by thickening of the intestinal wall and narrowing of the lumen (inner space), leading to 'skip lesions' (patches of diseased and healthy areas). Ulcers, edema (swelling), and cobblestones appearance are common.

A genetic condition causing the development of hundreds to thousands of precancerous growths (adenomas) in the colon, significantly increasing the risk of colon cancer. Most polyps are tubular (finger-like), and removal of the colon is recommended to prevent cancer.

Most common type of colon cancer, arising from precancerous growths (adenomas) in the colon. It is often linked to lifestyle factors like diet and age. Risk increases with high-fat intake, low fiber intake, and older age.

Tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the digestive tract, characterized by the production of hormones. The likelihood of aggressive behaviour is determined by tumor size, location, and depth of penetration.

Characteristic inflammation associated with ulcerative colitis, involving a dense collection of white blood cells (neutrophils) within the lining of the colon, leading to the formation of 'crypt abscesses' (small pus-filled pockets). This type of inflammation does not involve the formation of granulomas (clusters of immune cells).

A specific type of inflammation characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are clusters of immune cells commonly found in Crohn's disease, but not typically seen in ulcerative colitis. This type of inflammation is associated with a more intense and destructive immune response.

A defining feature of ulcerative colitis in which inflammation and ulceration are primarily restricted to the mucosal layer (innermost lining) and submucosal layer (just below the mucosa), except in severe cases where it may extend deeper.

A condition characterized by the development of numerous precancerous growths (polyps) in the colon, primarily tubular adenomas (finger-like growths), significantly increasing the risk of colon cancer. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, meaning a single mutated gene from one parent is sufficient to cause the condition.

A key distinguishing feature of Crohn's disease, involving the formation of granulomas, which are clusters of immune cells, within the intestinal wall. It's an indication of a robust immune response and is not typically seen in ulcerative colitis.