Gastrointestinal Tract Congenital Abnormalities
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity?

  • Omphalocele
  • Gastroschisis
  • Ectopia
  • Diaphragmatic hernia (correct)

    • What is the term for a congenital anomaly where the intestine protrudes through the umbilical cord?

  • Ectopia
  • Gastroschisis
  • Diaphragmatic hernia
  • Omphalocele (correct)

    • What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a narrowing or blockage of the intestine?

  • Stenosis (correct)
  • Duplication
  • Fistula
  • Atresia

    • What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a abnormal connection between two parts of the intestine?

    <p>Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for vomiting blood?

    <p>Hematemesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where the lining of the esophagus is replaced by intestinal-type cells?

    <p>Barrett esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the stomach lining?

    <p>Acute gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where the stomach lining is damaged, leading to bleeding?

    <p>Gastropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between true diverticula and pseudodiverticula in sigmoid diverticular disease?

    <p>True diverticula involve all layers of the intestinal wall, while pseudodiverticula do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphologic feature of Peutz-Jeghers polyps?

    <p>Branching smooth muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for the development of neoplastic colorectal polyps?

    <p>Family history of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the growth of neoplastic cells into the lamina propria?

    <p>Intramucosal carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of familial adenomatous polyposis?

    <p>Hundreds to thousands of adenomas in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability?

    <p>They are less aggressive and have a better prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)?

    <p>Defects in DNA mismatch repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of acute appendicitis?

    <p>Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

    <p>Neoplastic cells produce mucin that is secreted outside the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying mucicarmine stain in mucinous adenocarcinoma?

    <p>To confirm the presence of mucin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neoplastic polyp in the colorectal region?

    <p>Adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of juvenile polyps?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical gross appearance of juvenile polyps?

    <p>Pedunculated, smooth-surfaced, and reddish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation of juvenile polyps?

    <p>Rectal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hamartomatous polyps?

    <p>Focal malformation of the epithelium and lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for the occurrence of juvenile polyps?

    <p>Less than 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cysts in a hamartomatous polyp?

    <p>Mucin and inflammatory debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Crohn disease?

    <p>Transmural inflammation affecting all layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site involved at presentation in Crohn disease?

    <p>Terminal ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the earliest lesion in Crohn disease?

    <p>Aphthous ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the ulcers in Crohn disease?

    <p>They are oriented along the axis of the bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

    <p>Combined effects of alterations in host interactions with intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, aberrant mucosal immune responses, and altered composition of the gut microbiome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical course of Crohn disease?

    <p>It is a disease for life with relapses and remissions of various length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the mucosa in Crohn disease?

    <p>Edema and loss of the normal mucosal texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of tumor that originates from the enterochromaffin cells of the appendix?

    <p>Carcinoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of peritonitis?

    <p>Appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of tumor that arises from the mucosa of the appendix and is characterized by a low proliferation rate?

    <p>LAMN (Lymphoid Aggregate-dominated Mucinous Neoplasm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

    <p>Peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a tumor that arises from the peritoneal mesothelium?

    <p>Mesothelioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of tumors of the appendix?

    <p>They are often asymptomatic and incidentally discovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the peritoneum?

    <p>Peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Congenital Abnormalities

    • Congenital abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract include atresia, stenosis, fistula, duplication, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and ectopia
    • Each of these abnormalities has distinct pathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical consequences
    • Meckel diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease are specific examples of congenital abnormalities with distinct characteristics

    Esophagus

    • Esophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome have distinct etiopathogenesis and clinical consequences
    • Chemical, infectious, and eosinophilic esophagitis have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
    • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis have distinct pathogenesis and clinical significance
    • Barrett esophagus has distinct morphologic features and clinical consequences

    Stomach

    • Gastropathy and acute gastritis have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
    • Stress-related mucosal disease has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation
    • Sigmoid diverticular disease has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical consequences

    Small Intestine and Colon

    • Non-neoplastic colorectal polyps (hyperplastic, inflammatory, juvenile, and Peutz-Jeghers polyps) have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
    • Neoplastic colorectal polyps (adenomas) have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
    • Familial adenomatous polyposis has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation
    • Colorectal adenocarcinoma has distinct epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical presentation

    Appendix

    • Acute appendicitis has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical consequences
    • Tumors of the appendix have distinct histologic variants and clinical significance

    Peritoneal Cavity

    • Peritonitis has distinct morphologic appearance and clinical consequences
    • Primary and secondary tumors of the peritoneum have distinct characteristics

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    Description

    Learn about congenital gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, including atresia, stenosis, fistula, duplication, and more. Understand their pathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical presentations.

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