Gastrointestinal Tract Congenital Abnormalities

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity?

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Ectopia

Diaphragmatic hernia (correct)

What is the term for a congenital anomaly where the intestine protrudes through the umbilical cord?

Ectopia

Gastroschisis

Diaphragmatic hernia

Omphalocele (correct)

What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a narrowing or blockage of the intestine?

Stenosis (correct)

Duplication

Fistula

Atresia

What is the term for a congenital anomaly where there is a abnormal connection between two parts of the intestine?

Fistula Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for vomiting blood?

Hematemesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where the lining of the esophagus is replaced by intestinal-type cells?

Barrett esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for inflammation of the stomach lining?

Acute gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where the stomach lining is damaged, leading to bleeding?

Gastropathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between true diverticula and pseudodiverticula in sigmoid diverticular disease?

True diverticula involve all layers of the intestinal wall, while pseudodiverticula do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic morphologic feature of Peutz-Jeghers polyps?

Branching smooth muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor for the development of neoplastic colorectal polyps?

Family history of colon cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the growth of neoplastic cells into the lamina propria?

Intramucosal carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of familial adenomatous polyposis?

Hundreds to thousands of adenomas in the colon Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability?

They are less aggressive and have a better prognosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)?

Defects in DNA mismatch repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of acute appendicitis?

Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

Neoplastic cells produce mucin that is secreted outside the cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applying mucicarmine stain in mucinous adenocarcinoma?

To confirm the presence of mucin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common neoplastic polyp in the colorectal region?

Adenoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical location of juvenile polyps?

Rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical gross appearance of juvenile polyps?

Pedunculated, smooth-surfaced, and reddish Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation of juvenile polyps?

Rectal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of hamartomatous polyps?

Focal malformation of the epithelium and lamina propria Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the occurrence of juvenile polyps?

Less than 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the cysts in a hamartomatous polyp?

Mucin and inflammatory debris Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Crohn disease?

Transmural inflammation affecting all layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site involved at presentation in Crohn disease?

Terminal ileum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the earliest lesion in Crohn disease?

Aphthous ulcer Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the ulcers in Crohn disease?

They are oriented along the axis of the bowel Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?

Combined effects of alterations in host interactions with intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, aberrant mucosal immune responses, and altered composition of the gut microbiome Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical course of Crohn disease?

It is a disease for life with relapses and remissions of various length Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the mucosa in Crohn disease?

Edema and loss of the normal mucosal texture Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of tumor that originates from the enterochromaffin cells of the appendix?

Carcinoid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of peritonitis?

Appendicitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of tumor that arises from the mucosa of the appendix and is characterized by a low proliferation rate?

LAMN (Lymphoid Aggregate-dominated Mucinous Neoplasm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

Peritoneal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that arises from the peritoneal mesothelium?

Mesothelioma Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of tumors of the appendix?

They are often asymptomatic and incidentally discovered Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for inflammation of the peritoneum?

Peritonitis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Congenital Abnormalities

Congenital abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract include atresia, stenosis, fistula, duplication, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and ectopia
Each of these abnormalities has distinct pathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical consequences
Meckel diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease are specific examples of congenital abnormalities with distinct characteristics

Esophagus

Esophageal varices and Mallory-Weiss syndrome have distinct etiopathogenesis and clinical consequences
Chemical, infectious, and eosinophilic esophagitis have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis have distinct pathogenesis and clinical significance
Barrett esophagus has distinct morphologic features and clinical consequences

Stomach

Gastropathy and acute gastritis have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
Stress-related mucosal disease has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation
Sigmoid diverticular disease has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical consequences

Small Intestine and Colon

Non-neoplastic colorectal polyps (hyperplastic, inflammatory, juvenile, and Peutz-Jeghers polyps) have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
Neoplastic colorectal polyps (adenomas) have distinct etiopathogenesis, morphologic features, and clinical significance
Familial adenomatous polyposis has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation
Colorectal adenocarcinoma has distinct epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical presentation

Appendix

Acute appendicitis has distinct etiopathogenesis, morphology, and clinical consequences
Tumors of the appendix have distinct histologic variants and clinical significance

Peritoneal Cavity

Peritonitis has distinct morphologic appearance and clinical consequences
Primary and secondary tumors of the peritoneum have distinct characteristics

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Description

Learn about congenital gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, including atresia, stenosis, fistula, duplication, and more. Understand their pathogenesis, macro- and microscopic features, and clinical presentations.