Gastrointestinal Therapeutics 2

Drugs used to alter how the digestive system works. Examples include drugs to increase or decrease appetite and those that impact the balance of bacteria in the gut.

A type of drug used to treat illnesses that affect the digestive system, covering a range of disorders like inflammation, infection, and tumors.

A decreased desire to eat, often caused by chronic inflammation, infections, tumors, or side effects of cancer treatments.

An increased desire to eat, often associated with being overweight.

An imbalance in the types and amounts of bacteria living in the gut, potentially leading to digestive problems.

The condition where the digestive system is not able to absorb nutrients properly, leading to weight loss and other issues.

A condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough digestive enzymes, leading to difficulty digesting food.

Diarrhea that goes away after antibiotics are given, suggesting an underlying infection.

The movement of the digestive system is disrupted, leading to problems like constipation or diarrhea.

Stimulants that help increase appetite in animals.

A type of appetite stimulant that works by blocking the action of serotonin, which can increase hunger.

The collection of microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that live in the digestive tract.

Substances that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

A severe condition characterized by sudden onset of bloody diarrhea and vomiting, often leading to dehydration, rapid heart rate, weak pulse, and even shock in severe cases.

A type of bacteria known to produce toxins that are associated with HGE.

A drug class that targets and inhibits the function of tubulin in parasites, ultimately causing their death. These drugs are effective against various parasites such as roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes) and even Giardia.

A protein located in the cytoskeleton of parasites that plays a crucial role in cell division, movement, and structure. Benzimidazoles target this specific protein.

A group of large tapeworms that can infect both humans and animals. Benzimidazoles are effective treatments for these parasites.

A type of Benzimidazole that is effective against various worms in ruminants and horses. It can be safely used in puppies and kittens, with specific dose adjustments for their age.

A type of Benzimidazole that is highly effective against liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica), including both immature and adult stages. It is the only drug that can effectively target immature flukes during their early development.

Drugs that act by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. They cause a quick and temporary paralysis of muscles, leading to a 'spastic' or rigid effect.

A medication used to treat various protozoal infections, including Eimeria, Toxoplasma, and Neospora. Also effective against Giardia cysts and trophozoites.

A common parasitic infection of the intestines, often causing diarrhea.

Drugs used to eliminate parasites from a host, such as worms, flukes, and protozoa.

A group of anthelmintics that often come in white drenches and work by binding to tubulin in parasites, effective against both roundworms and tapeworms.

Anthelmintics that cause a spastic paralysis in roundworms (nematodes), often coming in yellow drenches.

A type of nicotinic agonist used to treat roundworm infections.

Drugs that selectively target nematode muscles, causing paralysis and death. Examples include levamisole (imidazothiazole) and pyrantel (tetrahydropyrimidine).

A class of anthelmintics derived from Streptomyces fungi. Subcategories include avermectins (e.g., ivermectin, selamectin) and milbemycins (e.g., moxidectin, milbemycin).

Macrocyclic lactones act by opening glutamate-chloride channels in nematode neurons, causing hyperpolarization, flaccid paralysis, and death. They do not affect cestodes because these parasites lack these specific channels.

Due to their persistent activity, macrocyclic lactones can be used to prevent worm infections. They are effective in prophylactic (preventative) treatment strategies.

A narrow spectrum anthelmintic that specifically targets cestodes (tapeworms). It causes severe damage to the parasite's tegument (outer layer), resulting in tetanic muscular contraction and paralysis.

The mechanism of praziquantel is not fully understood but is thought to involve altering divalent cation fluxes, particularly calcium ions, which are crucial for muscle contraction in tapeworms.

Drugs used to treat protozoal infections, including coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, and neosporosis. Examples include trimethoprim/sulphonamide (TMPS) and toltrazuril.

Trimethoprim/sulphonamide (TMPS) inhibits folate synthesis, a crucial step in purine synthesis required for DNA production in protozoa. Toltrazuril acts by affecting the fine structure of the developmental stages of coccidia.