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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of saliva?
What is the primary function of saliva?
Which type of cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Which type of cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
What is the length of the esophagus?
What is the length of the esophagus?
Which layer of the stomach does NOT exist in the esophagus?
Which layer of the stomach does NOT exist in the esophagus?
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Which section of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
Which section of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
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What structure aids in preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
What structure aids in preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the regions of the stomach?
Which of the following is NOT one of the regions of the stomach?
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What is the main function of the chief cells located in the stomach?
What is the main function of the chief cells located in the stomach?
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
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Which layer of the small intestine contains microvilli?
Which layer of the small intestine contains microvilli?
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Which organ is responsible for maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
Which organ is responsible for maintaining normal blood glucose levels?
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What structure absorbs lipids in the small intestine?
What structure absorbs lipids in the small intestine?
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Which segments make up the large intestine?
Which segments make up the large intestine?
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Which enzyme is involved in the initial digestion of carbohydrates?
Which enzyme is involved in the initial digestion of carbohydrates?
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What is the vestigial structure found at the beginning of the large intestine?
What is the vestigial structure found at the beginning of the large intestine?
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Which carbohydrate can be used directly for energy or stored as glycogen?
Which carbohydrate can be used directly for energy or stored as glycogen?
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What condition is indicated when diverticula in the colon become inflamed or infected?
What condition is indicated when diverticula in the colon become inflamed or infected?
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What are the primary organs of the gastrointestinal system?
What are the primary organs of the gastrointestinal system?
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Which tests are used to assess pancreatic function?
Which tests are used to assess pancreatic function?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the gastrointestinal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the gastrointestinal system?
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What is the reference range for a fecal fat test?
What is the reference range for a fecal fat test?
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What characterizes acute diarrhea compared to chronic diarrhea?
What characterizes acute diarrhea compared to chronic diarrhea?
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Which antibodies are typically tested in the current protocol for diagnosing celiac disease?
Which antibodies are typically tested in the current protocol for diagnosing celiac disease?
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Which test is NOT used for diagnosing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
Which test is NOT used for diagnosing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
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What is steatorrhea commonly associated with?
What is steatorrhea commonly associated with?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and digestive diseases?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and digestive diseases?
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What differentiates the upper GI tract from the lower GI tract?
What differentiates the upper GI tract from the lower GI tract?
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What role do accessory organs play in the gastrointestinal system?
What role do accessory organs play in the gastrointestinal system?
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Which test is primarily used to identify diverticulitis and diverticulosis?
Which test is primarily used to identify diverticulitis and diverticulosis?
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What is the process called when glycogen is converted to glucose?
What is the process called when glycogen is converted to glucose?
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Which enzyme is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach to initiate protein digestion?
Which enzyme is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach to initiate protein digestion?
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What is the primary role of bile in lipid digestion?
What is the primary role of bile in lipid digestion?
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What process occurs in the liver when there is excess carbohydrate or protein intake?
What process occurs in the liver when there is excess carbohydrate or protein intake?
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Which of the following is a possible consequence of untreated peptic ulcers?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of untreated peptic ulcers?
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Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
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During which stage is protein digestion completed?
During which stage is protein digestion completed?
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What does deamination of amino acids produce in the liver?
What does deamination of amino acids produce in the liver?
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal System
- The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for turning food into energy.
- The GI system consists of primary organs and accessory organs.
- Primary organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
- Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Anatomic Review
- The GI tract is divided into upper and lower portions.
- The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine.
- The lower GI tract consists of the remaining portion of the small intestine, the large intestine, rectum, and anus.
- The mouth is the site of ingestion and initial digestion where salivary glands produce saliva.
- Saliva contains amylase and lysozyme and is mostly composed of water.
- The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis which is a process of muscle contractions.
- The stomach is a hollow organ that receives food from the esophagus. It is divided into four regions: fundus, cardia, body, and pylorus.
- The stomach has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa.
- The small intestine is approximately 22 ft long and divided into three sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It plays a key role in digestion and absorption.
- The large intestine begins at the cecum, includes the appendix, and is responsible for reabsorbing nutrients, water, and forming solid feces.
- The large intestine is followed by the rectum, where feces are stored, and the anus, containing internal and external anal sphincters.
- Accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to the GI tract through ducts for transferring substances to the small intestine.
GI Normal Physiology: Carbohydrate Digestion
- Salivary amylase converts starch and glycogen into disaccharides.
- Chyme is a mixture of food, saliva, and gastric juices.
- Pancreatic amylase is added to the chyme in the duodenum.
- Intestinal villi are responsible for absorbing most carbohydrates in the small intestine with the help of digestive enzymes.
- Monosaccharides are absorbed by the gut and transported to the liver by blood.
- Glucose is the only carbohydrate that can be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen.
- The liver maintains normal blood glucose levels by storing excess glucose as glycogen, converting glycogen to glucose, and converting other organic molecules into glucose when necessary.
GI Normal Physiology: Protein Digestion
- Proteins are broken down into peptides and amino acids.
- Digestion begins in the stomach with the secretion of pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
- Digestion is completed in the duodenum.
- Villi absorb amino acids.
- The liver plays a role in protein digestion by deaminating amino acids, forming and excreting urea nitrogen, and synthesizing proteins.
GI Normal Physiology: Lipid Digestion
- Lipids are not water-soluble.
- Cholecystokinin released from the small intestine slows down motility and enhances fat digestion.
- Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It emulsifies fat into micelles in the duodenum.
- Pancreatic and intestinal lipases breakdown triacylglycerols into monoacylglycerols and fatty acids.
- The liver plays a role in lipid digestion by converting excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglycerides.
GI Diseases
- A peptic ulcer is an erosion of the stomach or duodenal lining exceeding 3 mm in diameter.
- Duodenal and gastric ulcers can be caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
- H. pylori infection is diagnosed through a breath test, serology tests, and biopsies.
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
- Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that develop in the colon.
- When one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis.
- Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are referred to collectively as diverticular disease.
- Diverticulitis is diagnosed with a CBC to detect inflammation and a CT scan to visualize diverticula.
Steatorrhea
- Excess fat in stools known as steatorrhea, characterized by greasy or oily stool appearance.
- Steatorrhea can be caused by issues with pancreatic enzymes, cystic fibrosis, malabsorption, celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth in the bowel, and a decrease in bile acids.
- Fecal fat tests are used to diagnose steatorrhea.
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Description
This quiz delves into the gastrointestinal system, exploring its roles and components. Learn about the primary and accessory organs, along with the division of the GI tract into upper and lower portions. Test your knowledge on the digestive process, including the roles of saliva and muscle contractions in food transport.
