Gastrointestinal System Overview

Gastrointestinal (GI) System

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Primarily involved with GI enteric function, including carbohydrate metabolism.
• Small Intestine Lining Protection: Components enhance protective mechanisms.
• Chronic Liver Disease Contributors: Decreased calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake.
• Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis are defined.
• Liver Cells: Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and the space of Disse are defined.
• Digestive Enzymes: Triglycerides, cholesterol, bile salts, and phospholipids are defined.
• Zymogens, Acinar Cells, Stellate Cells, and Kupffer Cells: Their roles are described.
• Portal Vein Role: Described.
• Bilirubin Excretion Steps: Outlined.
• Stress and Stomach Ulcers: Stress is a contributing factor.
• Lower Esophageal Sphincter Weakness: Leads to issues.
• Liver Macrophage: Liver cells are described as macrophages to destroy foreign pathogens.

Nervous System

• Amygdala Function: Described.
• Cerebellum Function: Described.
• Concussions: Defined and care methods are discussed.
• Cortisol and Stress: Effects during stress described.

Endocrine System

• Hormones and Their Roles:
  • GABA, GnRH, and HPA activation in depression are addressed.
  • Lower and upper motor neuron roles in movement
  • Metabotropic receptors are defined and examples are given.
  • Dopamine and serotonin's roles are covered.
  • Cranial lobe functions
  • Common hormone binding protein and Hormone levels during menopause are discussed.
  • Growth Hormone (GH), ACTH, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are discussed.
  • Gonadotropin, vasopressin, aldosterone, and thyroxine roles
  • Diagnosing primary hyperthyroidism
  • Endometriosis

Nitric Oxide

• Nitric Oxide's primary roles are described

• Primary Fuel Storage: Protein, lipids, and glycogen.

• Fasting Fuels: Prolonged fasting fuel usage is described.

• Disease Symptoms: Symptoms of Graves disease, Hashimoto's, and Parkinson's disease are mentioned.

Musculoskeletal System (MS)

• Bone Development and Repair: Bone's presence in fetal development and repair is outlined, including the definitions of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts.
• Sprains and Grades: Different grades of sprains are described
• Gout: Gout's definition and impact of uric acid levels are explained.
• Herniated Discs: Causes of herniated disc pain are discussed.
• Bone Strength: Importance of bone strength is addressed.

Renal System

• Acute Infection Impact: How acute infection impacts kidney function is addressed.
• Filtration Pressure and Permeability: Elevated filtration pressure and capillary permeability are defined
• Dehydration and Vasopressin: During dehydration, how vasopressin levels affect urine output.
• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): What enables GFR, how it's determined and what happens with kidney failure.
• Urinary Output and Lab Tests: During dehydration how vasopressin can affect urinary output and lab tests indicating kidney failure.
• Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease: Symptoms of diabetes that can lead to chronic kidney disease.

Explore the essential aspects of the gastrointestinal system, including the role of the autonomic nervous system, carbohydrate metabolism, and liver function. This quiz covers digestive enzymes, liver cells, and factors contributing to chronic liver disease. Test your knowledge on the protective mechanisms of the small intestine and the significance of the portal vein.