Gastrointestinal System
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Questions and Answers

Which organ serves as a temporary food storage and secretes proteases and acid that facilitate digestion?

  • Mouth
  • Small intestine
  • Stomach (correct)
  • Oesophagus

    • Which organ is the primary site for nutrient absorption?

  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Stomach
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus

    • Which organ reabsorbs fluids and electrolytes but does not absorb nutrients?

  • Large intestine (correct)
  • Oesophagus
  • Mouth
  • Stomach

    • Which organ secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ stores bile between meals?

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ initiates fat and carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is a conduit to the stomach?

    <p>Oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ adds secretions to the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Accessory glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ mechanically breaks down and lubricates food?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ propels food into the oesophagus?

    <p>Mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the enzymatic conversion of complex dietary substances to a form that can be absorbed?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major group of carbohydrates?

    <p>Oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate can be directly absorbed by the small intestine?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of carbohydrate digestion involves the hydrolysis of starch to oligosaccharides?

    <p>Intraluminal Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane protein is responsible for glucose and galactose uptake at the apical membrane?

    <p>SGLT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many brush border oligosaccharidases are present in the small intestine?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a pathway for protein digestion-absorption?

    <p>Oligopeptides directly entering the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes are secreted as proenzymes for protein hydrolysis?

    <p>Gastric and pancreatic proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many essential amino acids are there out of the 20 amino acids?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs during the neonatal period, but largely ceases after six months of age?

    <p>The absorption of whole protein by apical pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form in which proteins are absorbed by adults?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides absorbed by the small intestine?

    <p>Via a H+-driven cotransporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct amino acid transport systems are present at the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cell?

    <p>At least seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of movement of amino acids across the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell?

    <p>Bi-directional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acid transporters are present in the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell?

    <p>At least five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processes on the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell mediate amino acid exit from the cell into the blood?

    <p>Three amino acid transport processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amino acids move across the apical membrane of enterocytes?

    <p>Through Na+dependent transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferential solubility of lipids compared to water?

    <p>In organic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intake of fat in a typical adult Western diet?

    <p>Less than 30% of total dietary calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about protein absorption in adults?

    <p>Proteins are digested to amino acids before absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the neonatal period, how are proteins absorbed?

    <p>By apical pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of whole protein uptake in adults?

    <p>It is important for mucosal immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amino acids enter the blood after absorption?

    <p>As individual amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct transport systems are present at the apical membrane for amino acid absorption?

    <p>Seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of movement of amino acids across the basolateral membrane?

    <p>Bidirectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acid transporters are present in the basolateral membrane?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solubility characteristic of lipids?

    <p>Partially soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical fat intake in adult Western diets?

    <p>More than the recommended intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological fate of lipids dependent on?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System

    • The stomach serves as a temporary food storage and secretes proteases and acid that facilitate digestion.
    • The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption.
    • The kidneys reabsorb fluids and electrolytes but do not absorb nutrients.
    • The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid.
    • The gallbladder stores bile between meals.
    • The liver initiates fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
    • The esophagus is a conduit to the stomach.
    • The salivary glands add secretions to the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
    • The mouth mechanically breaks down and lubricates food.
    • The pharynx propels food into the oesophagus.

    Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

    • The process of enzymatic conversion of complex dietary substances to a form that can be absorbed is called digestion.
    • Fiber is NOT a major group of carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides can be directly absorbed by the small intestine.
    • Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals.
    • The step of carbohydrate digestion that involves the hydrolysis of starch to oligosaccharides is called maltase.
    • The SGLT1 membrane protein is responsible for glucose and galactose uptake at the apical membrane.
    • There are 4 brush border oligosaccharidases present in the small intestine.

    Protein Digestion and Absorption

    • The process of protein digestion-absorption that does not occur is the uptake of whole proteins into the bloodstream.
    • Proteases are secreted as proenzymes for protein hydrolysis.
    • There are 9 essential amino acids out of the 20 amino acids.
    • The process of protein uptake by the gut epithelial cells occurs during the neonatal period, but largely ceases after six months of age.
    • The main form in which proteins are absorbed by adults is amino acids.
    • Dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides are absorbed by the small intestine through a peptide transport system.
    • There are 7 distinct amino acid transport systems present at the apical membrane of the villous epithelial cell.
    • The direction of movement of amino acids across the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell is out of the cell.
    • There are 4 amino acid transporters present in the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell.
    • The processes that mediate amino acid exit from the cell into the blood on the basolateral membrane of the villous epithelial cell are facilitated diffusion and active transport.
    • Amino acids move across the apical membrane of enterocytes through a secondary active transport system.

    Lipid Digestion and Absorption

    • Lipids are preferentially soluble in non-polar solvents compared to water.
    • The recommended intake of fat in a typical adult Western diet is 20-35% of total energy.
    • In adults, proteins are absorbed as amino acids, not as whole proteins.
    • During the neonatal period, proteins are absorbed as whole proteins.
    • The role of whole protein uptake in adults is negligible.
    • Amino acids enter the blood after absorption through the hepatic portal vein.
    • There are 7 distinct transport systems present at the apical membrane for amino acid absorption.
    • The direction of movement of amino acids across the basolateral membrane is out of the cell.
    • There are 4 amino acid transporters present in the basolateral membrane.
    • Lipids are preferentially soluble in non-polar solvents compared to water.
    • The typical fat intake in adult Western diets is 20-35% of total energy.
    • The biological fate of lipids is dependent on their absorption, transport, and metabolism.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the organization and functions of the gastrointestinal system in relation to metabolic and renal conditions. This quiz will cover topics such as the structure of the gastrointestinal tract and its role in processing food. Perfect for students studying EHR522 or anyone interested in understanding the physiology of the digestive system.

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