Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of gastric ulcers?

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Constipation
  • Gnawing or burning pain at the upper abdomen (correct)
  • Severe headache

    • How do proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) function in the treatment of gastric issues?

  • They directly neutralize stomach acid
  • They promote the growth of healthy gut bacteria
  • They block the enzyme responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (correct)
  • They increase the secretion of gastric acid

    • What can Helicobacter pylori infection lead to if left untreated?

  • Cancers of the stomach and esophagus (correct)
  • Improved digestion
  • Reduced stomach acid production
  • Enhanced immune response

    • What is a potential cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>Increased gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in the stomach?

    <p>It helps activate pepsin for protein digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is used to reduce gastric acidity?

    <p>Proton-pump inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive stomach acid lead to?

    <p>Development of ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for gastrointestinal infections caused by H. pylori?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for proton-pump inhibitors?

    <p>Bind to H+, K+, ATPase enzyme irreversibly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of proton-pump inhibitors?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of H2 receptor blockers in gastrointestinal treatment?

    <p>To block acid production in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori, what constitutes the first line therapy?

    <p>PPI, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using osmotic laxatives?

    <p>Dehydration and electrolyte depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative type is recommended for slow passage of stool but not for rapid bowel evacuation?

    <p>Bulk-forming laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what time should proton-pump inhibitors be taken for maximum effectiveness?

    <p>15-30 minutes before food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing consideration when administering antacids?

    <p>Administer apart from other medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber type is mainly used as a bulk-forming laxative?

    <p>Insoluble fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by infrequent bowel movements and hard stool?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which stimulant laxatives promote bowel movement?

    <p>Irritating the bowel mucosa to stimulate peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for oral stimulant laxatives to take effect?

    <p>6 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential risk associated with the prolonged use of stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

    <p>One hormone can control the secretion of another hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of releasing factors secreted by the hypothalamus?

    <p>To stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hormone replacement therapy?

    <p>To provide hormones to patients lacking sufficient endogenous hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a selective estrogen receptor modulator used in hormone treatment?

    <p>Tamoxifen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Used as a first-line treatment for chronic constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate metabolism?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by insufficient secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is capable of causing hyperthyroidism if there is over-supplementation?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action do sulfonylureas use to help manage type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Increase insulin secretion from beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing consideration when administering insulin?

    <p>Monitor blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin acts the fastest, typically beginning to work within 15 minutes?

    <p>Rapid-acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diabetes results from the body not producing enough insulin or the body having insulin resistance?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with carbimazole?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications would be suitable for type 2 diabetes that focuses on decreasing intestinal glucose absorption?

    <p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of glucagon in the body is to:

    <p>Increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone, should ideally be taken:

    <p>On an empty stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential severe complication of diabetes mellitus if poorly managed?

    <p>Coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drugs Affecting the Digestive and Endocrine Systems

    • Digestive System Overview: The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. Organs involved include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum/anus. Different enzymes and hormones aid in these processes.

    Learning Objectives

    • Students should understand gastric ulcers and GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease).
    • Students should describe the mechanism of action of drugs for gastric ulcers and GERD.
    • Students should describe the mechanism of action of different types of laxatives.

    Natural Defenses Against Stomach Acid

    • Stomach lining has a bicarbonate barrier to neutralize acid.
    • Mucus layer protects stomach lining from gastric juice (pH ~2).
    • Gastric mucosa cells and capillaries are also involved in the protection process.

    Peptic Ulcer Formation

    • Normal: Damaging factors (gastric acidity, peptic enzymes), protective factors (mucus, bicarbonate secretion, etc.) balance.
    • Injury: Stressors such as H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, gastric hyperacidity or reflux upset the balance, increasing damage.
    • Ulcer: Tissue damage occurs when injurious factors exceed or impair protective factors, leading to ulcers.

    Functions of Stomach Acid

    • Creating an acidic environment to inactivate pathogens.
    • Protect against infections.
    • Aid in protein digestion through activation of pepsin.

    Gastric Acid Formation

    • Parietal cells are responsible for stomach acid production.
    • Histamine and other factors play a role in stimulating the proton pump, which transports acid into the stomach.

    Gastric Ulcers

    • Characterized by gnawing or burning pain in the upper abdomen.
    • Progression can lead to bleeding and perforation if the erosion gets deeper.
    • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacteria, is a common cause of stomach ulcers.

    Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

    • A condition where stomach acid moves upwards into the esophagus.
    • Causes intense heartburn and may lead to esophageal ulcers.
    • Stomach sphincter plays a role in preventing reflux.

    Drug Therapy

    • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Potent acid inhibitors that reduce stomach acid by irreversibly binding to the acid producing enzyme (H+, K+, ATPase).
    • H2 receptor blockers: Reduce acid production by blocking H2 receptors.
    • Antacids: Rapidly neutralize stomach acid using compounds of aluminum, magnesium, or calcium.
    • Antibiotics: Used to eliminate H. pylori to treat infection-related ulcers and other problems.

    Specific Drug Discussion (PPIs)

    • Mechanism of Action: Block H+, K+, ATPase enzyme, reducing stomach acid secretion.
    • Use: Treating peptic ulcer disease, GERD, H. pylori infection.
    • Drugs: Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, etc.

    Specific Drug Discussion (H2 Receptor Blockers)

    • Mechanism of Action: Block H2 receptors to lower acid production.
    • Use: Ulcers, GERD
    • Drugs: Famotidine, Ranitidine

    Specific Drug Discussion (Antacids)

    • Mechanism of Action: Neutralize stomach acid.
    • Use: Reduce symptoms of peptic ulcers ,GERD
    • Drugs: Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide combinations (e.g. Triact

    Specific Drug Discussion (Antibiotics)

    • Mechanism of Action: Eliminate H. pylori infection, which causes ulcers.
    • Use: Use in combination with other drugs to treat ulcers..
    • Drugs: Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole, Tetracycline.

    H.pylori Eradication Therapies

    • Triple therapy: PPI, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin (14 days).
    • Quadruple therapy: PPI, Bismuth, Tetracycline, Metronidazole (14 days).
    • Sequential therapy: combination regimens (variable time periods for each).

    Constipation

    • Characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficult stool passage, and persists for several weeks or longer.
    • When stool moves too slowly through the digestive tract.

    Laxatives

    • Bulk-forming: Absorb water, increasing fecal mass and stimulating bowel activity.
    • Osmotic: Increase osmotic pressure in the colon, drawing water into the stool and softening it.
    • Stool softeners/Surfactants: Reduce surface tension of stool to allow penetration of water inside stool for better pass.
    • Stimulants: Irritate the bowel, stimulating bowel muscle contractions

    Nursing Considerations for Drugs

    • PPIs: Take 15-30 minutes before food, do not chew.
    • H2 Receptor Blockers: Take with food.
    • Antacids: Can be chewed, taken with or after food.
    • All drugs: Administer separate from other medications to avoid interactions.

    Lifestyle Changes for GERD

    • Quit smoking
    • Eat small meals often;
    • Chew food slowly
    • Avoid heartburn triggers (caffeine, alcohol, etc)
    • Maintain good posture - sitting up straight; no lying down after meals.
    • Sleep with elevation of your head and shoulders.

    Endocrine System Overview

    • The endocrine system is a network of glands that regulate the body's functions using hormones.
    • The endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones that control various bodily processes.

    Learning Objectives for Endocrine System

    • Students should understand feedback mechanisms in endocrine systems.
    • Students should describe the mechanism of action of drugs for diabetes mellitus.

    Hormones: Role in Homeostasis

    • Chemical messengers for communication in the body.
    • Feedback mechanisms: Positive feedback amplifies responses, while negative feedback opposes them.

    Hormones Associated with Hypothalamus and Pituitary

    • Releasing and inhibiting hormones regulate the release of other hormones.
    • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate various bodily functions.

    Hormone Replacement Therapy

    • Hormones are administered to compensate for insufficient endogenous hormones.
    • Use in cancer treatment therapies to shrink size of hormone-sensitive tumors.
    • Example: Tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment.

    Thyroid Gland

    • Regulates the basal metabolic rate.
    • Produces hormones (T3, T4) which control many bodily functions, including metabolism.
    • The Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland regulate thyroid function through negative feedback.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Insufficient thyroid hormone production.
    • Symptoms include: weakness, muscle cramps, weight gain, slow metabolism, cold intolerance.
    • Treated with Levothyroxine (synthetic thyroid hormone).

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Excess thyroid hormone production.
    • Symptoms include: goiter, nervousness, tremors, weight loss, heat intolerance.
    • Treated with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioactive iodine.

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels.
    • Types: Type 1 (insulin deficiency) and Type 2 (insulin resistance).

    Diabetes Mellitus Signs and Symptoms

    • High fasting blood sugar (2 readings)
    • Polyuria (frequent urination)
    • Polyphagia (increased hunger)
    • Polydipsia (increased thirst)
    • Glycosuria (glucose in urine)
    • Weight loss
    • Fatigue

    Diabetic Drugs (Oral and Parenteral Hypoglycemics)

    • Sulfonylureas: Increase insulin secretion from beta cells.
    • Biguanides: Reduce glucose production, increase its uptake.
    • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Slow carbohydrate digestion.
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: Increase incretin activity, potentially lowering blood glucose.

    Insulin

    • Naturally produced hormone for blood sugar control.
    • Types: Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting and combinations.
    • Delivery method: injections.

    Nursing Considerations for Drug Therapies

    • Insulin: Monitor blood glucose levels, give before meals, keep carbs available, rotate injection sites.
    • Sulfonylureas: Monitor blood glucose levels, give 15 minutes before meals.
    • Biguanides: Administer with meals; monitor glucose levels carefully; avoid in kidney patients.
    • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Administer at the start of a meal, monitor glucose levels.

    General Notes

    • Always check with a medical professional for specific instructions regarding drug use.
    • Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise) are crucial for managing diabetes, in addition to prescription drugs.
    • Be sure to follow healthcare providers' instructions carefully.

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    NUR 2047 Pharmacology Lecture 5 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on gastrointestinal pharmacology and the treatment of issues like gastric ulcers and GERD. This quiz covers drug mechanisms, Helicobacter pylori treatment, and the effects of various gastrointestinal medications. Expand your understanding of how these treatments function within the digestive system.

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