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Chapter 27 | Gastrointestinal Motility
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Chapter 27 | Gastrointestinal Motility

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of serotonin in the gastrointestinal system?

  • Secretes NO and VIP for relaxation of smooth muscles
  • Causes smooth muscle contraction behind the bolus
  • Activates sensory neurons that activate the myenteric plexus (correct)
  • Promotes a motility pattern related to peristalsis

    • Which neurotransmitter leads to smooth muscle contraction behind the bolus?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Substance P (correct)
  • Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
  • Nitric Oxide (NO)

    • What is the purpose of segmentation in the gastrointestinal system?

  • To produce relaxation ahead of the bolus
  • To enhance absorption of chyme (correct)
  • To force chyme both backward and forward
  • To promote peristalsis

    • Which motility pattern involves a segment of bowel contracting at both ends?

    <p>Segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In segmentation, what occurs during the second contraction in a bowel segment?

    <p>Retrograde movement of chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for relaxation ahead of the stimulus in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>NO and VIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is constipation defined as?

    <p>A pathologic decrease in bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the symptom generation in chronic constipation according to recent findings?

    <p>Altered balance between secretion and absorption in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do many normal humans defecate based on the text?

    <p>Once every 2-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are caused by constipation according to the text?

    <p>Mild anorexia and mild abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the small colored beads fed with a meal are recovered in the stool in 72 hours on average?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology can be used to monitor transit time, pressure fluctuations, and changes in pH in the gastrointestinal tract according to the text?

    <p>Sensors and a miniature radio transmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can provoke hypovolemia and hypotension in the intestine?

    <p>Rapid entry of hypertonic meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action helps prevent the aspiration of vomitus into the trachea during vomiting?

    <p>Closing of glottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of vomiting?

    <p>Sensation of nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reverse peristalsis play in vomiting?

    <p>Empties stomach contents into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as a cause for dumping syndrome?

    <p>Avoiding large meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vomiting exemplify central regulation of gut motility functions?

    <p>By starting with salivation and nausea sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythromycin in treating patients with decreased gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>It binds to motilin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stomach relaxes and accommodates food with little to no pressure increase during the receptive relaxation phase?

    <p>Fundus and upper portion of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates peristalsis in the lower portion of the stomach during gastric motility?

    <p>Intrinsic reflexes due to gastric wall stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the contraction of the distal stomach caused by each peristaltic wave?

    <p>Antral systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times do peristaltic waves occur per minute in the regulation of gastric emptying?

    <p>3-4 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of the gastrointestinal system apparently function as a unit in regulating gastric emptying?

    <p>Antrum, pylorus, and upper duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the large peristaltic wave that sweeps through the intestine in between meals?

    <p>Hormone motilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps in preventing reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus?

    <p>Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the rhythmic fluctuations in the membrane potential of gastrointestinal smooth muscle?

    <p>Pacemaker cells known as interstitial cells of Cajal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows the stomach to accommodate a meal without significant pressure increase?

    <p>Receptive relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peristaltic wave in the esophagus during swallowing?

    <p>Driving food bolus to the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells establish the basic electrical rhythm in gastrointestinal smooth muscle?

    <p>Interstitial cells of Cajal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal motility discussed in the text?

    <p>To digest and absorb nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the gastrointestinal tract has the longest length as per the measurements mentioned in the text?

    <p>Jejunum and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the migrating motor complex in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Clearing undigested debris from the stomach and small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of motility patterns, what distinguishes segmentation from peristalsis?

    <p>Direction of movement along the tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of basic electrical activity in regulating gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>Coordinating muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does receptive relaxation in the stomach contribute to its function?

    <p>Accommodates food intake without pressure increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Gut wall stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate range at which the contents of the lumen are propelled during peristaltic activity?

    <p>2 to 25 cm/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does extrinsic innervation have on peristalsis?

    <p>Increases peristaltic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action blocks the progression of contents in the gastrointestinal tract during peristalsis?

    <p>Reversing a segment of intestine before resuturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the reflex response that involves circular contraction behind a stimulus and an area of relaxation in front of it?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is an excellent example of the integrated activity during peristalsis?

    <p>Enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter decreases the number of spikes and tension in smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the distal ileum, what is the approximate rate of the Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) per minute?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Control peristaltic contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to peristalsis in the stomach after vagotomy or transection of the stomach wall?

    <p>Becomes irregular and chaotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Migrating Motor Complex involve during periods of fasting in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Cycles of motor activity migrating from the stomach to the distal ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acetylcholine have on smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Increases number of spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of smooth muscle contractions in the small intestine move the chyme to and from, increasing its exposure to the mucosal surface?

    <p>Segmentation contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many basic electrical rhythm cycles occur per minute in the proximal jejunum of the small intestine?

    <p>12 cycles/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tonic contractions in the small intestine do?

    <p>Prolonged contractions isolating segments of the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peristalsis in the small intestine?

    <p>Propel chyme towards the large intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the transit time in the small intestine become longer in the fed state compared to the fasted state?

    <p>Slower transit due to certain contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes segmentation contractions from peristaltic waves in the small intestine?

    <p>Increase exposure to mucosal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone triggers the large peristaltic wave that sweeps through the intestine between meals?

    <p>Motilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Establish the basic electrical rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of receptive relaxation in the stomach during a meal?

    <p>Accommodate an increase in volume without pressure increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is swallowing coordinated with peristalsis in the esophagus?

    <p>By coordinating with the peristaltic wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent reflux?

    <p>Food bolus entering the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the migrating motor complex in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Serve a housekeeping function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis is a motility pattern in the gastrointestinal system where a segment of bowel contracts at both ends.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex mainly functions to propel food through the stomach and small intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vomiting is an example of central regulation of gut motility functions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive relaxation in the stomach leads to increased pressure during meals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic electrical rhythm (BER) in the gastrointestinal system is primarily regulated by neurotransmitters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Segmentation in the gastrointestinal system involves propelling food through the length of the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis is triggered by the hormone gastrin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach prevents an increase in pressure during meal accommodation by a process called receptive relaxation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic electrical rhythm (BER) in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle is established by interstitial cells of Cajal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex in the intestine primarily functions to trigger peristaltic waves after meals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swallowing is coordinated with a peristaltic wave along the length of the small intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter occurs after the arrival of the food bolus, preventing reflux of gastric contents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythromycin binds to motilin receptors and its derivatives are not valuable in treating patients with decreased gastrointestinal motility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive relaxation in the stomach is vagally mediated and triggered by the movement of the rectum and anus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristaltic waves in the stomach occur 1-2 times per minute during gastric emptying.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antrum, pylorus, and lower duodenum function separately in the regulation of gastric emptying.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the distal stomach caused by each peristaltic wave is known as antral diastole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gastric motility, peristalsis begins in the upper portion of the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex (MMC) consists of three phases: phase I is a period of regular activity, phase II is a quiescent period, and phase III is a burst of irregular electrical and mechanical activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motilin is responsible for initiating the migrating motor complex (MMC) in the gastrointestinal system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion, bile flow, and pancreatic secretion decrease during each cycle of the migrating motor complex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythromycin suppresses the release of motilin, leading to the initiation of the migrating motor complex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex (MMC) is abolished when a meal is ingested and only resumes once digestion and absorption are complete.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the period of fasting, the migrating motor complex (MMC) involves a return to peristalsis and other forms of BER and spike potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contraction of the antrum is always followed by contraction of the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solid masses are allowed to enter the duodenum without being mixed or crushed in the antrum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate at which the stomach empties into the duodenum is the same for all types of food ingested.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) has no effect on preventing regurgitation from the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperosmolality of duodenal contents has no impact on gastric emptying.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of emptying into the duodenum is not influenced by the osmotic pressure of the material entering it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lesions of the area postrema have a significant impact on the vomiting response to gastrointestinal irritation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serotonin released from enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine triggers vomiting through dopamine D2 receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    5-HT3 antagonists such as chlorpromazine are effective antiemetic agents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cannabinoids play a known role in reducing the anxiety associated with chemotherapy-induced vomiting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of corticosteroids in treating vomiting produced by chemotherapy is to trigger vomiting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The benzodiazepines reduce the anxiety associated with chemotherapy, thus aiding in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced vomiting.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemoreceptor trigger zone is located in the area postrema of the midbrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impulses for vomiting can be relayed to the medulla over somatic afferent pathways in the sympathetic nerves and vagi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motion sickness can be attributed to afferents from the hypothalamus nuclei.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emetic responses to emotionally charged stimuli occur due to afferents from the brainstem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemoreceptor cells in the medulla can initiate vomiting when stimulated by circulating chemical agents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla triggers vomiting by responding to smells and sights.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During vomiting, the glottis opens to prevent aspiration of vomitus into the trachea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reverse peristalsis in vomiting involves emptying material from the lower part of the small intestine into the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avoiding large meals, especially those with high concentrations of simple sugars, is a recommended treatment for dumping syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis in the stomach always occurs at a rate of 1-2 times per minute during gastric emptying.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) is activated during fasting periods and functions to trigger peristaltic waves after meals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vomiting is an example of peripheral regulation of gut motility functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis in the intestine is triggered by the hormone gastrin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes after the food bolus has already arrived in the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle contractions behind the food bolus are primarily initiated by spike potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex in the intestine serves a primarily digestive function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive relaxation in the stomach allows for a decrease in volume without a significant increase in pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contractions of the antrum always precede contractions of the duodenum during peristalsis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cases of constipation can be relieved by a change in diet to include less fiber.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lubiprostone acts by enhancing chloride secretion into the colon, leading to increased fluidity of colonic contents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis and segmentation are two major patterns of motility in the gastrointestinal system that serve to propel or mix the luminal contents, respectively.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive relaxation in the stomach is caused by movement of the rectum and anus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion, bile flow, and pancreatic secretion increase during each cycle of the migrating motor complex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solid masses are allowed to enter the duodenum without being mixed or crushed in the antrum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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