Gastrointestinal Anatomy Quiz: GI System Diagram & Functions

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of tissue in the GI tract is responsible for secretion and absorption processes?

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Mucosa (correct)

Serosa

What is the primary stimulus for the secretion of GI hormones?

Presence of fatty foods in the diet

Increase in blood glucose levels

Acidic pH in the stomach

Distension of the GI wall (correct)

Which type of movement in the GI tract involves mixing and churning of the luminal contents?

Segmentation (correct)

Mass movement

Peristalsis

Migrating motor complex

In the splanchnic circulation, blood from the GI tract drains into which major vessel?

Hepatic portal vein Signup and view all the answers

Which neurological component provides parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract?

Enteric nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What specialized structure in the intestine is responsible for absorbing chylomicrons?

Lacteals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the tunica mucosa in the digestive system?

Secretion, absorption, or hormone production Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine has the highest surface area increase due to its structures?

Jejunum Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the opening and closing of the ileocecal valve?

Increased ileal pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that extends from the cecum and opens into the ileum?

Appendix Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the colon extends up the right side of the abdominal cavity to the liver?

Ascending colon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the plicae circulares in the small intestine?

Increase surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the gastrointestinal tract extends from the splenic flexure of the colon to the rectum?

Hindgut Signup and view all the answers

What is the terminal region of the pylorus that connects to the duodenum known as?

Antrum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is mostly responsible for absorption?

Jejunum Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the large intestine is located just below the body of the stomach?

Cecum Signup and view all the answers

What structures are included in the foregut region of the gastrointestinal tract?

Esophagus, Stomach, Part of Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the stomach functions as a blind sac on the left side of the stomach?

Fundus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary arterial supply to the midgut region of the gastrointestinal system?

Superior Mesenteric Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of VIP in the gastrointestinal system?

Regulates smooth muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system is referred to as the 'little brain' for its control over GI function?

Enteric nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does parasympathetic activity have on intestinal smooth muscle?

Increases activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which plexus controls local intestinal secretion, absorption, and mucosal infoldings?

Myenteric plexus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the submucosal plexus in the ENS?

Regulates local intestinal secretion and absorption. Signup and view all the answers

How does sympathetic activity affect intestinal smooth muscle?

Decreases activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of splanchnic circulation in the GI system?

To remove bacteria and absorb carbohydrates and protein Signup and view all the answers

How are fats absorbed from the intestinal tract different from other nutrients in terms of circulation?

Fats are absorbed into lacteals and conducted to systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is sympathetic stimulation in terms of GI blood flow?

Arteriolar vasoconstriction leads to decreased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

How does autoregulatory escape mechanism help during circulatory shock?

It maintains normal blood flow despite ischemia conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of countercurrent blood flow in the villi?

Causing ischemia at the tips of the villi Signup and view all the answers

In disease states, why can shunting of oxygen across the villus be harmful?

It leads to reduced oxygen levels at the villus tips causing ischemia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gastrointestinal System Anatomy

The GI system consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, along with associated glands.
The GI tract is a portal for nutrient and water absorption, and is also known as the alimentary canal or gut tube.

Tissue Layers (Tunics)

The GI tract has four major layers (tunics) of tissue: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa.
Tunica mucosa is the innermost lining of the lumen of the digestive tube and varies the most among the four tunics.
It is composed of specialized epithelium that accomplishes regional digestive tasks such as secretion, absorption, or hormone production.

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility

There are two types of electrical waves that excite GI smooth muscle: slow waves and spike potentials.
Slow waves are rhythmic, spontaneous, and omnipresent, and they do not cause contraction of smooth muscle.
Spike potentials are superimposed on slow waves and cause contraction of smooth muscle.

Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function

The GI tract has dual innervation provided by the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
The ENS is an intrinsic nervous system that can function autonomously and is composed of the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus.
The ANS is an extrinsic nervous system that provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the GI tract.

Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Function

There are five major GI hormones: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
Each hormone has a specific stimulus for secretion, site of secretion, and action.

Functional Movements in the GI Tract

There are two types of functional movements in the GI tract: segmentation and peristalsis.
Segmentation is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes and is characterized by rhythmic, simultaneous contractions and relaxations of the circular muscle layer.
Peristalsis is the propulsion of food through the GI tract and is characterized by a wave of contraction that moves along the longitudinal muscle layer.

GI Blood Flow - Splanchnic Circulation

Splanchnic circulation is the blood flow to the GI system, which includes the gut, spleen, pancreas, and liver.
Blood flows through the gut, spleen, pancreas, and then into the liver via the portal vein, before entering the general circulation.
The liver sinusoids remove bacteria, absorb carbohydrates and protein, and process fats absorbed from the intestinal tract.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the gross anatomy, tissue layers, motility, nervous and hormonal control, functional movements, blood flow, and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal system with this quiz.

4.1 Gastrointestinal System Anatomy & General Principles Quiz