Gastrointestinal Disorders

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Which of the following is a potential complication of GERD if left untreated?

Hiatal hernia
Achalasia
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (correct)
Dysplasia

What is the triad of symptoms associated with achalasia?

Incomplete relaxation of the LES, increased LES tone, and aperistalsis of the esophagus (correct)
Dysphagia, regurgitation, and retrosternal pain
Incomplete relaxation of the LES, regurgitation, and halitosis
Halitosis, dysphagia, and weight loss

Which of the following is a risk factor for hiatal hernia?

Family history
Male gender
Viral infection
Advanced age (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of injury in achalasia caused by Chagas disease?

Destruction of the myenteric ganglion plexus cells of the GIT (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal protrusion of a portion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity through a lax diaphragmatic hiatus?

Hiatal hernia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hiatal hernia associated with GERD and ulcerations?

Sliding hernia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for acute gastritis?

H.Pylori infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of acute gastritis?

Acidic damage due to imbalance between damaging and protective factors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for outpouching of only the mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis propria?

Colonic diverticula (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location of colonic diverticula?

Sigmoid colon (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for chronic relapsing inflammation of the bowel?

Inflammatory bowel disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for autoimmune gastritis?

Type A atrophic gastritis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of lower GI bleeding in adults?

Hemorrhage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of a colovesical fistula?

Dysuria, air/feces in urine and recurrent UTIs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of volvulus in adults?

Sigmoid colon (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic stool of intussusception?

Currant-jelly stool (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of ileus?

Disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of perforation?

Acute abdomen due to fecal peritonitis and shoulder pain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of immune-mediated damage of small bowel villi in Celiac disease?

Gluten exposure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common HLA association with Celiac disease?

HLA-DQ2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of untreated Celiac disease?

Dermatitis herpetiformis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of Tropical Sprue in the small intestine?

Jejunum/Ileum (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic method for Celiac disease and Tropical Sprue?

Serology, human leucocyte antigen testing, and endoscopy (+biopsy) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a secondary complication of Tropical Sprue?

Both Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of paralytic ileus?

Impairment of peristalsis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of ileus?

Post-operative ileus (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Hirschsprung's disease, which part of the colon is affected?

Distal sigmoid colon and rectum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of malabsorption syndrome?

Steatorrhea (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause malabsorption syndrome?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of bowel obstruction?

Constipation (A) Signup and view all the answers