Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Microbes

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Questions and Answers

What type of organism is Streptococcus mutant?

  • Gram-positive, cocci-shaped bacteria (correct)
  • Enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus
  • Rod-shaped bacteria without spores
  • Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria

What hallmark characteristic does Helicobacter pylori have?

  • Curved, motile shape via flagella
  • Produces acid from carbohydrate fermentation
  • Urease production to neutralize stomach acid (correct)
  • Forming pseudomembranes in the colon

Which disease is characterized by severe diarrhea with blood and mucus?

  • Oral herpes
  • Campylobacteriosis
  • Bacillary dysentery (correct)
  • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

What is a common transmission method for Campylobacter?

<p>Contaminated food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Clostridium difficile classified as?

<p>Gram-positive, spore-forming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with Shigellosis?

<p>Painful blisters on the lips (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori?

<p>Strong association with stomach lining inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is associated with recurrent cold sores?

<p>HHV-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent type for gastroenteritis?

<p>Depends on the causative agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical for Clostridium difficile infections?

<p>Forms pseudomembranes in the colon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is associated with the disease of gastroenteritis?

<p>E. coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common transmission route for Enterobius vermicularis?

<p>Fecal-oral route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans?

<p>Jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Candida albicans?

<p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark sign of toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>Rapid onset fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of giardiasis?

<p>Watery, greasy diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is most commonly linked to bacterial vaginosis?

<p>Gardnerella vaginalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transmission route is associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

<p>Sexual transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of candidiasis?

<p>White patches in the oral cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is associated with diarrhea specifically linked to contaminated water?

<p>Giardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>Gram-positive cocci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of the infection caused by Leptospira interrogans?

<p>Kidney damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is a common cause of diarrhea with foul-smelling stools?

<p>Giardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Streptococcus mutans known for?

A bacterium that forms biofilms on tooth enamel, leading to tooth decay.

What is Helicobacter pylori known for?

A spiral-shaped bacteria that colonizes the stomach lining, leading to ulcers and gastritis.

What is Shigellosis?

A highly contagious bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.

What is Campylobacter known for?

A bacterium that causes food poisoning, often after eating contaminated poultry.

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What is Clostridium difficile?

A bacterium that causes severe diarrhea, particularly after antibiotic use.

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What is HHV-1?

A virus that causes cold sores around the mouth.

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What is gastroenteritis?

A general term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

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What is a biofilm?

A layer of bacteria that adheres to surfaces.

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What is urease?

A bacterial enzyme that breaks down urea.

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What is tenesmus?

The urge to defecate, even if the rectum is empty.

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Giardiasis

An intestinal infection caused by a flagellated parasite, Giardia lamblia, which forms resistant cysts in the environment.

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Leptospirosis

A bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Leptospira interrogans, a gram-negative bacteria with tightly coiled, hooked ends, motile via flagella.

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Toxic Shock Syndrome

A bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive cocci, that produces toxins.

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Candidiasis (Oral Thrush, Vaginal Yeast Infection, Systemic Candidiasis)

A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, a dimorphic fungus that exists as yeast and hyphae forms, part of the normal microbiota in the mouth, gut, and vagina.

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Gonorrhea

A bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative diplococcus, transmitted through sexual contact.

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Bacterial Vaginosis

A bacterial infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, a Gram-variable, facultative anaerobe, rodshaped, that is associated with an imbalance in the vaginal flora.

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Pinworm Infection (Enterobiasis)

An infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis, a small, white, thread-like roundworm that lives in the intestines.

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Gastroenteritis

A viral infection, typically caused by non-enveloped RNA viruses, transmitted via contaminated food and water or contact with infected individuals.

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Chlamydia

A bacterial infection that can affect the vagina, cervix, urethra, or rectum, leading to symptoms like pus-like discharge, pain during urination, and bleeding or pain during sex.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A bacterial infection that can trigger inflammation in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and cervix, ultimately leading to pelvic pain, fever, and abnormal vaginal discharge.

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Urethritis

A bacterial infection that can cause pain during urination, abdominal pain, fever, and/or unusual vaginal discharge.

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Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum that can lead to serious health problems for the infected individual and offspring.

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HIV

A viral infection that can be passed through a variety of bodily fluids, including blood, semen, and breast milk, and may cause symptoms including a rash, fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.

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Herpes

A viral infection mainly transmitted through sexual contact or direct contact with infectious sores, lesions, or fluids, and commonly presents with painless sores, blisters, or lesions.

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Protozoal Infections

A parasitic infection caused by a variety of species of protozoa that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever.

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Study Notes

Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Microbes

  • Streptococcus Mutans:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe, cocci-shaped
    • Dental caries are a disease caused by it
    • Characterized by tooth pain, cavities, visible holes, and tooth sensitivity
    • Forms biofilm on tooth enamel

  • Helicobacter Pylori:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic, flagella
    • Causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer
    • Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, loss of appetite, and frequent belching

  • Shigellosis (Shigella):

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobe
    • Often causes bacillary dysentery
    • Symptoms include severe diarrhea, possibly with blood and mucus, and abdominal cramps

  • Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter):

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-negative, curved, microaerophilic, motile via flagella
    • Causes diarrhea, possibly with blood
    • Symptoms include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting

  • Clostridium Difficile:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, rod-shaped
    • Can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis
    • Formation of pseudomembranes in the colon is a hallmark

  • HHV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1):

    • Virus
    • Enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus, part of the herpesvirus family
    • Causes oral herpes (cold sores)
    • Symptoms include painful blisters around the lips, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes

  • Gastroenteritis (Various causes):

    • Viral, bacterial, or parasitic
    • Symptoms depend on the causative agent
    • Common symptoms may include watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting

  • Giardiasis:

    • Parasite
    • Flagellated, binucleate, forms resistant cysts in the environment
    • Causes intestinal infection
    • Symptoms include watery, greasy, foul-smelling diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea, fatigue, and weight loss

  • Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm):

    • Parasite
    • Small, white, thread-like intestinal worm
    • Causes pinworm infection
    • Symptoms include intense perianal itching

  • Leptospira interrogans:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-negative, spirochete, tightly coiled with hooked ends, motile via flagella
    • Causes leptospirosis
    • Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, jaundice, red eyes, vomiting, and diarrhea

  • Staphylococcus Aureus or Staphylococcus Pyogenes:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-positive cocci, facultative anaerobe, toxin-producing
    • Causes toxic shock syndrome
    • Symptoms include sudden high fever, low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and confusion

  • Gardnerella Vaginalis:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-variable, facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped
    • Associated with bacterial vaginosis
    • Symptoms include thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor, vaginal itching, or irritation

  • Candida Albicans:

    • Fungi
    • Dimorphic fungus, existing as yeast and hyphae
    • Causes candidiasis
    • Symptoms include oral thrush (white patches in the mouth), vaginal candidiasis (thick, white, "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge), and systemic candidiasis (fever, organ failure)

  • Neisseria Gonorrhoeae:

    • Bacteria
    • Gram-negative, diplococcus, fastidious, oxidase-positive
    • Causes gonorrhea
    • Symptoms include urethral discharge in men and vaginal discharge and pelvic pain in women

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