Peptic Ulcer Disease and Esophageal Reflux

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What is the primary factor responsible for peptic ulcer disease in the upper GI tract?

Overproduction of hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Inflammation of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus

Imbalance between the factors that damage the gastric mucosa and the factors that protect it (correct)

Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori

Which type of peptic ulcer is characterized by injury to the mucosa of the stomach?

Esophageal ulcer

Duodenal ulcer

Zollinger-Elison syndrome

Gastric ulcer (correct)

What is the primary mechanism by which non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs promote peptic ulcer disease?

Impairment of mucosal blood flow

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (correct)

Activation of inflammatory cells

Increase in gastric acid secretion

What is the characteristic of erosions in peptic ulcer disease?

They usually heal without therapeutic interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between gastric and duodenal ulcers?

Location of the ulcer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for disorders of the upper GI tract caused by the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin?

Peptic ulcer disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which histamine promotes gastric acid secretion?

By stimulating the parietal cells directly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a facilitating factor for peptic ulcer disease?

Increased secretion of mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of histamine on the gastric mucosa?

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mucous layer in the gastric mucosa?

To form a physical barrier that slows the diffusion of acid and pepsin to the mucosal cell surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on mucus secretion in the gastric mucosa?

It increases the rate of mucus secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of impaired integrity of the mucosal lining?

Chronic gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of the gastric content in the lumen of the stomach?

pH 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of histamine on the gastric mucosal barrier?

It weakens the barrier by increasing gastric acid secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bicarbonates in the gastric mucosa?

They act as a buffer that neutralizes H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

Where are mucous cells present in the gastric mucosa?

In both oxyntic and pyloric glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ingestion of aspirin or alcohol on mucus secretion in the gastric mucosa?

It increases the rate of mucus secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of esophagitis?

Reflux of acid and pepsin from the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Hiatal hernia Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of gastric acid regurgitation in GERD?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiological mechanism of GERD?

Weak lower esophageal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of gastric or duodenal ulcers in GERD?

Pyloric edema and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of GERD that can mimic angina pectoris?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which gastric acid causes heartburn in GERD?

Direct stimulation of the sensory nerve endings in the esophageal mucosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of elevating the head of the bed in GERD treatment?

Preventing reflux Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide in GERD treatment?

Increasing the muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of alginate?

Alkaline aluminium, magnesium, and sodium carbonate or hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alginate on the stomach?

It forms a foamy gel uppermost in the stomach, preventing reflux of acid to the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of reducing caffeine intake in GERD treatment?

It reduces the chance of reflux Signup and view all the answers