Gastroenterology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of gastroenterology?

  • The physiology of metabolism
  • Diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders (correct)
  • The study of the respiratory system
  • The study of human anatomy

    • Defecation refers to the absorption of nutrient molecules from food.

    False

    What is the function of absorption in the digestive system?

    Uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph.

    The __________ is the muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus.

    <p>digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of digestion with its description:

    <p>Mechanical digestion = Physical breakdown of food Chemical digestion = Enzymatic breakdown of food into monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the selective intake of food?

    <p>Ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver is considered an accessory organ in the digestive system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two subdivisions of the digestive system?

    <p>Digestive tract (alimentary canal) and accessory organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily prevents food from reentering the mouth during the pharyngoesophageal phase?

    <p>Root of tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach primarily functions as a digestion organ and does not store food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the paste-like mixture of semi-digested food in the stomach called?

    <p>Chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is a narrower pouch at the inferior end of the stomach.

    <p>Pyloric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is primarily active in protein digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gastric regions with their descriptions:

    <p>Cardiac region = Area near the entrance of the esophagus Fundic region = Dome-shaped portion above the stomach's attachment Body (corpus) = Greatest part of the stomach Pyloric region = Narrow pouch that leads to the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric juice is produced in small quantities throughout the day, averaging about 1-2L per day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level of gastric juice?

    <p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?

    <p>Regulates passage of chyme into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chief cells in the stomach are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus cells in the gastric mucosa?

    <p>They secrete mucous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the longest part of the digestive tract where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the stomach divide rapidly to replace dead cells?

    <p>Regenerative (stem) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stomach cells with their functions:

    <p>Mucus cells = Secrete mucous Regenerative (stem) cells = Replace dead cells Parietal cells = Secrete hydrochloric acid Chief cells = Secrete gastric lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ folds in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption.

    <p>circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duodenum receives stomach contents and neutralizes stomach acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates the mass movements in the colon?

    <p>Filling of the stomach and duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large intestine chemically changes the residue of a meal into feces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?

    <p>To filter blood plasma and separate waste from useful chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feces consist of approximately ____% water.

    <p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kidney functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Filters blood plasma = Removes waste and retains useful substances Regulates blood volume = Controls water and electrolyte balance Secretes renin = Activates hormonal mechanisms for blood pressure Produces erythropoietin = Stimulates red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The migrating motor complex is responsible for which function in the digestive system?

    <p>Moving chyme toward the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ileocecal valve usually remains open to allow continuous flow from the ileum to the cecum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys collaborate with the ____ to regulate pCO2 levels in the body.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the lower half of the anal canal?

    <p>Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rectum has circular folds and villi to increase surface area in the large intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hemorrhoids?

    <p>Permanently distended veins that protrude into the anal canal or form bulges external to the anus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final 3cm of the large intestine is called the ______.

    <p>anal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the small intestine?

    <p>Absorb nutrients and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the gastrointestinal system with their primary functions:

    <p>Rectum = Ends at anal canal Stomach = Churns food and mixes it with gastric juice Small intestine = Mixes chyme with digestive juices for absorption Anal canal = Contains anal columns and sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal anal sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the receptive-relaxation response in the stomach?

    <p>The swallowing center of the medulla oblongata signals the stomach to relax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein?

    <p>Renal artery → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles → peritubular capillaries → interlobular veins → renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule consists of simple squamous epithelium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three barriers that make up the filtration membrane?

    <p>Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ layer of Bowman's capsule wraps around the capillaries of the glomerulus.

    <p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures in the kidney with their functions:

    <p>Renal artery = Supplies blood to the kidney Glomerulus = Site of filtration Peritubular capillaries = Supplies cortical tissue Vasa recta = Supplies the nephron loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam 4 Review Sheet

    • Gastroenterology is the study of the digestive tract and associated disorders

    • The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates waste

      • 5 stages of digestion:
        • Ingestion: selective intake of food
        • Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown
        • Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules into blood and lymph
        • Compaction: absorbing water and consolidating indigestible residue
        • Defecation: elimination of feces
      • Mechanical digestion: physical breakdown, such as chewing and churning
      • Chemical digestion: breaking down macromolecules into monomers using enzymes
        • Enzymes involved in chemical digestion: salivary amylase, lingual lipase, pepsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, etc.

    • The digestive tract has 4 tissue layers

      • Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

    • The buccal cavity (mouth) is responsible for ingestion, mechanical digestion (mastication), swallowing, speech, and other sensory responses to foods

      • Parts of the buccal cavity (mouth): labial frenulum, vestibule, and lingual papillae

    • The tongue manipulates food during mastication (chewing) and swallowing

      • Types of papillae: vallate, lingual, fungiform, and filiform

    • The 20 deciduous (baby) and 32 permanent teeth are used in mastication.

      • Incisors (front teeth): cutting
      • Canines (pointed teeth): tearing
      • Premolars and molars (back teeth): grinding and crushing

    • Teeth have multiple regions: crown, neck, root, and the tissues contained within.

    • The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

    • The stomach is a muscular sac that mixes and stores food, begins chemical digestion of proteins, and regulates emptying of chyme into small intestine

    • The stomach contains 4 regions: cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

    • The stomach lining is protected by mucous layer, secretion of tightly bound cells and continuous epithelial cells replacement

    • Key enzymes of the stomach: hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, pepsin, and gastric lipase

    • The intrinsic factor (important in Vitamin B12 absorption) is secreted by parietal cells within stomach

    • The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

    • The duodenum: first segment of the small intestine functions in chemical digestion, receives chyme (partially digested food contents) from the stomach, secretions from pancreas and liver

    • The jejunum (mid-gut section): absorption of most nutrients, water, electrolytes)

    • The ileum (last segment): absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes along with specialized lymphatic cells ( Peyer's patches)

    • The large intestine functions in water absorption, nutrient reabsorption/ synthesis, and waste storage

      • Structures of the large intestine: cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus

    • The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine

    • The liver produces bile which aids in fat digestion

    • The gallbladder stores bile

    • The anal canal, with its internal and external sphincters, regulates the passage of feces through the anus

    • The nervous system regulates the movements of the digestive tract

    • The regulation of digestive tract

      • Neural short reflexes, long reflexes
      • Hormonal Chemical messengers

    • The 3 salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual secrete saliva.

    • The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food

    • The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach

    • The stomach is a muscular sac that mixes food and begins protein digestion

    • The small intestine's features aid in digestion and absorption: circular folds, villi, microvilli

    • The liver manufactures bile and assists in digestion; gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

    • Water and electrolytes are absorbed in the large intestine

    • The processes in the large intestine: water absorption, vitamin K absorption, and defecation

    Additional Topics

    • Know the function/role of the 3 major salivary glands: Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

    • Know the function of the pharynx

    • Know the function of the esophagus with its sphincters

      • Role of the lower esophageal sphincter (preventing reflux)

    • Know the function of the stomach and its parts

      • Chemical and mechanical digestion occurring in stomach
      • The 3 layers composing the stomach (serosa, muscularis externa, etc.)
      • Functions of the mucous cells in the stomach lining
      • How it protects the lining from acid

    • Know the function of the small intestine and its parts, including the location of the various glands that aid digestion.

      • Know the general anatomy (layers) of the small intestine
      • Types of cells within small intestine

    • Know the function of the large intestine

    • Understand how the nervous system interacts with organs in digestive system

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    Final Exam Review Sheet PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on gastroenterology with this quiz that covers various digestive processes and organs. From absorption to digestion, explore key concepts that are essential for understanding the digestive system. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or medical professionals brushing up on their knowledge.

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