Gastric Secretion Cephalic Phase Activation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What stimulates the secretion of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?

  • Carbohydrates in the duodenum
  • Glucose and fat in the duodenum (correct)
  • Protein in the duodenum
  • Fiber in the duodenum

    • Which hormone stimulates insulin secretion when administered at blood levels comparable to those produced by oral glucose?

  • Somatostatin
  • Gastrin
  • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (correct)
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

    • What is the effect of somatostatin on the secretion of gastrin?

  • Has no effect on gastrin secretion
  • Inhibits gastrin secretion (correct)
  • Stimulates gastrin secretion
  • Regulates gastrin motility

    • Which hormone is responsible for producing contractions in smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines between meals?

    <p>Motilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors does motilin act on in the duodenum and colon?

    <p>G-protein–coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone's secretion is stimulated by acid in the lumen and inhibits the secretion of gastrin?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers substantial release of gastrin and activates stretch receptors in the stomach?

    <p>Physical presence of the meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for moving H+ ions out of parietal cells?

    <p>H+/K+/ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase activates 'vago-vagal' and local reflexes that amplify secretion during gastric secretion?

    <p>Gastric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key mechanism that terminates gastric secretion after a meal moves into the small intestine?

    <p>Buffering of gastric acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of pancreatic juice?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell in the stomach is packed with mitochondria to supply energy for proton pump activity?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the alkaline feature of saliva?

    <p>To neutralize gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes saliva that is hypotonic compared with plasma?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the autonomic nervous system plays the most prominent role in controlling salivary secretion?

    <p>Parasympathetic branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of saliva in relation to taste buds?

    <p>To serve as a solvent for taste bud stimulation molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the stomach significantly add digestive juices to the meal?

    <p>Gastric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic branch input affect the composition of saliva?

    <p>By increasing proteinaceous content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the body?

    <p>Inhibits gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) primarily secreted from?

    <p>I cells in the upper small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does CCK have on the gallbladder?

    <p>Causes gallbladder contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CCK influence acid secretion in the body?

    <p>Inhibits acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is CCK also found, besides the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Brain, especially cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the increased secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

    <p>Contact of intestinal mucosa with digestion products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route by which the body disposes of cholesterol?

    <p>Conversion to bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components of bile are responsible for its golden yellow color?

    <p>Bile pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile acids in digestion?

    <p>Emulsifying fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which some components of bile are reabsorbed in the intestine and excreted again by the liver?

    <p>Enterohepatic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modality for gastrointestinal regulation involves the release of hormones associated with a meal?

    <p>Endocrine regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance in bile resembles pancreatic juice and contains bile acids and bile pigments?

    <p>An alkaline electrolyte solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Serve as a portal for nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ does NOT secrete substances that aid in digestion along the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces saliva for initial digestion of starch?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does saliva primarily mediate the digestion of?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the gastrointestinal tract has a substantial surface area crucial for absorption?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do glandular structures mainly deliver secretions into the lumen along the length of the intestine?

    <p>Stomach and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intrinsic factor in gastric secretion?

    <p>To aid in the later absorption of vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the stomach are responsible for producing pepsinogens and gastric lipase?

    <p>Chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gastrin in gastric secretion?

    <p>Trigger parietal cell secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a trigger of parietal cell secretion by binding to H2-receptors?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of pepsin, an enzyme that initiates protein digestion?

    <p>Pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands in the stomach contains parietal cells and chief cells?

    <p>Glands in the fundus or body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal physiologic action of gastrin?

    <p>Stimulation of the growth of stomach mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gastrin secretion affected by the presence of amino acids in the stomach?

    <p>It increases due to direct action on G cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acid in the antrum with regard to gastrin secretion?

    <p>It inhibits gastrin secretion through somatostatin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enteric nervous system in the intestinal system?

    <p>Regulates sensory and secretomotor neurons autonomously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some mediators differ from stable hormones in their mode of action?

    <p>They alter cell function locally in a paracrine manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence gastrin secretion?

    <p>Concentration of lipids in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the secretion of pancreatic juice primarily controlled?

    <p>By gastrointestinal hormones like secretin and CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequences can result from the activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas?

    <p>Digestion of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are most digestive enzymes released in inactive forms by the pancreas?

    <p>To avoid damaging pancreatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tryptin inhibitor secreted by the pancreas?

    <p>Preventing activation of trypsin within the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT involved in neutralizing gastric acid by pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juices?

    <p>Trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile acids in digestion?

    <p>Absorption of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secretin in digestion?

    <p>Increases secretion of bicarbonate by pancreas and biliary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release of secretin by acid illustrate feedback control?

    <p>Neutralizes acidic stomach content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is secretin primarily secreted from?

    <p>S cells in the upper small intestine mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increased secretion of secretin?

    <p>Acid bathing the upper small intestine mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of secretin's metabolism?

    <p>Little is known about its metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secretin contribute to digestion?

    <p>Increasing bicarbonate secretion by pancreas and biliary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the body?

    <p>Enhances gallbladder contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from?

    <p>I cells in the upper small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an action of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

    <p>Inhibit gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the increased secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

    <p>High levels of peptides and amino acids in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is found in nerves in the distal ileum and colon, besides being secreted by endocrine cells?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key mechanism that terminates gastric secretion after a meal moves into the small intestine?

    <p>Presence of somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates substantial release of gastrin and activates stretch receptors in the stomach?

    <p>Physical presence of the meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreatic juice?

    <p>Contain enzymes for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in gastric parietal cells?

    <p>Supply energy for proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released into the bloodstream along with protons from parietal cells?

    <p>Bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the 'vago-vagal' as well as local reflexes that amplify secretion during the gastric phase?

    <p>Stretch receptors activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route for disposing of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>Conversion to bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for the golden yellow color of bile?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the most important component of bile when considering it as a digestive secretion?

    <p>Bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which some components of bile are reabsorbed in the intestine and excreted again by the liver?

    <p>Enterohepatic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modality is NOT involved in gastrointestinal regulation according to the text?

    <p>Metabolic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal modality involves the release of hormones that travel through the bloodstream to affect distant segments of the tract?

    <p>Endocrine regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action for some mediators that differ from stable hormones?

    <p>Direct action on cells in the local area where they are released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences gastrin secretion?

    <p>Acidic contents of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gastrin secretion affected by the rate of discharge of the vagus nerves?

    <p>Inhibits gastrin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the stomach directly produce gastrin?

    <p>G cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid in the antrum on gastrin secretion?

    <p>Activates somatostatin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT involved in regulating gastrin secretion through a negative feedback loop?

    <p>Presence of amino acids in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Stimulates growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve plexus is primarily concerned with motor control in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Substance P in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Increases motility of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the enteric nervous system sometimes referred to as the 'little brain'?

    <p>Contains as many neurons as the whole spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal peptide is primarily secreted by the stomach and affects food intake regulation?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the myenteric plexus and submucous plexus different in their location within the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Submucous plexus is located outside the muscle layers while myenteric plexus is inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin is primarily secreted by D cells in the antral portion of the gastric mucosa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system controls only the sensory functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid in the antrum stimulates gastrin secretion solely through direct action on somatostatin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood borne factors have no effect on gastrin secretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates insulin secretion when administered at blood levels similar to those produced by fructose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary physiological action of gastrin is the inhibition of pepsin secretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chief cells in the stomach produce pepsin and gastric lipase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin is a hormone released by D cells in the antrum of the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine triggers parietal cell secretion by binding to H1-receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of vitamin B12.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipase in the stomach initiates the digestion of dietary proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine released from enteric nerve endings in the fundus primarily stimulates parietal and chief cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion during the cephalic phase is predominantly activated by vagal input.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stretch receptors in the stomach provoke vago-vagal as well as local reflexes that inhibit secretion during the gastric phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parietal cells contain mitochondria that supply energy to drive the apical H+/K+/ATPase that moves H+ ions into the parietal cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of protons by parietal cells is not accompanied by the release of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic juice does not contain enzymes that are of major importance in digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghrelin is primarily secreted by the intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance P is found only in nerve cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system contains fewer neurons than the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myenteric plexus is primarily involved in sensory control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system cannot function autonomously without connections to the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Submucous plexus is located between the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the mucosa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is the only hormone that stimulates insulin secretion when administered at blood levels similar to those produced by oral glucose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28 are both forms of somatostatin and both are secreted.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motilin stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines during the period between meals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatostatin secretion is stimulated by glucose and fat in the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin, CCK, secretin, and glucagon all stimulate insulin secretion when administered at blood levels comparable to those produced by oral glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motilin acts on G-protein–coupled receptors on enteric neurons in the colon to stimulate motility during digestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva is hypertonic compared with plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic branch has a significant influence on the volume of saliva produced.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system plays the most prominent role in controlling salivary secretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion is primarily controlled by hormonal factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach readies itself to receive the meal during the cephalic phase after taking in the meal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intestinal phase of gastric secretion is the most quantitatively significant phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva is produced by two pairs of salivary glands that drain into the oral cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva contains amylase, which primarily mediates the digestion of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gastrointestinal tract encountered by a meal includes, in order, the colon before the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is to eliminate waste products from the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parts of the gastrointestinal tract that are encountered by the meal include the liver and spleen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glandular structures deliver secretions into the lumen particularly in the stomach and large intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice are released in their active forms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas secretes a trypsin inhibitor to prevent the activation of enzymes that could digest itself.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile, an important secretion for gastrointestinal function, originates from the pancreas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile acids play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic juice is primarily under neural control rather than hormonal control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is the only route by which the body can dispose of cholesterol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile pigments are responsible for the dark green color of bile.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile acids are synthesized from proteins and secreted into the bile.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine regulation of gastrointestinal functions involves hormones traveling through the lymphatic system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas plays a vital role in endocrine regulation during digestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of hormones by triggers associated with a meal is an example of endocrine regulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance P is mainly secreted by the pancreas and stimulates growth hormone secretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system can function autonomously without connections to the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system is sometimes referred to as the 'big brain' due to its complexity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghrelin, primarily secreted by the stomach, plays a key role in controlling food intake.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myenteric plexus innervates the outer longitudinal muscle layers and is primarily involved in sensory function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits gallbladder contraction and the absorption of glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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