29 Questions
What are the two mechanisms of liver injury in viral hepatitis?
- Direct cellular injury, 2. Immune response
Name an example of an acid-neutralizing drug mentioned in the text.
H2 receptor antagonist (cimetidine)
Provide an example of a mucosal protective agent.
Bismuth (Pepto-Bismol)
What is the main action of H2 receptor antagonists in the treatment of ulcers?
Block gastric acid secretions stimulated by histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine
What type of drug is used in Pylori treatment along with two antibiotics and bismuth?
Proton pump inhibitor
What are the main functions of saliva?
Protection and lubrication, antimicrobial action, digestion of dietary starches
Which hormones are part of gastrointestinal hormones?
Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin
What are the two types of glands in the stomach mucosa?
Oxyntic glands
How is the secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract controlled?
By neural influences (parasympathetic and sympathetic), local influences (pH and osmolality), and humoral influences
What is the daily fluid secretion into the gastrointestinal tract and how much is reabsorbed?
7000 ml secreted, 50 to 200 ml leaves the body in stool
Which hormone inhibits gastric acid secretion, gastric mobility, and gastric emptying?
Gastric inhibitory peptide
What are the manifestations of the prodromal phase of viral antigen immune response?
Malaise, sever anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, chills, fever, myalgia, arthralgia
Describe the icterus phase of the viral antigen immune response.
Jaundice (accumulation of bilirubin), liver tenderness
What characterizes hepatic cirrhosis?
Replacement of normal liver tissue with diffuse fibrosis disrupting structure and function of the liver
What is the most common complication of cirrhosis?
Ascites (fluid retention in the abdominal cavity)
Explain what hepatic encephalopathy is and its cause.
Confusion and coma due to the liver's inability to convert ammonia to urea
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver
What is the role of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells?
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.
How can the gastric mucosa be damaged by aspirin and NSAIDs?
Aspirin and NSAIDs disrupt the impermeability of the gastric mucosa, allowing hydrogen ions to move into the tissues.
What protects the gastric mucosal surface from damage?
Prostaglandins protect the mucosal surface.
What are the three factors that increase gastric secretion?
Parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve), gastrin, and histamine.
What type of secretions do Brunner's glands in the duodenum secrete?
Brunner's glands secrete a large amount of alkaline mucus.
What are the two types of secretions produced by the intestinal mucosa to aid absorption?
- Serous fluid which acts as a vehicle for absorption. 2. Surface enzymes like peptidase and disaccharidase that aid absorption.
What is the main cause of Billary cirrhosis?
Alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiency, exposure to chemicals and infectious agents
What role does the stellate cell play in the development of cirrhosis?
Stellate cell activation leads to obstruction of blood flow in the circulation
What are the clinical manifestations of Billary cirrhosis?
Intermittent jaundice, fever, enlarged hard irregular liver
What distinguishes compensated liver cirrhosis from decompensated cirrhosis?
Compensated cirrhosis presents with mild symptoms like reddened palms, while decompensated cirrhosis results in severe symptoms like ascites and jaundice
Describe the process by which the liver attempts to cope with bile duct obstruction in Billary cirrhosis.
The liver forms new bile channels due to overgrowth in an attempt to compensate for occluded bile ducts
What are the main symptoms of decompensated cirrhosis?
Ascites, jaundice, weakness, weight loss, clubbing of fingers
Test your knowledge on the functions of gastric mucosa, including the secretion of hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor absorption, and the effects of drugs like NSAIDs and alcohol on its impermeability. Understand how disruptions in gastric mucosa can lead to increased hydrogen ion levels.
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