Gastric Mucosa Protection Strategies

<p>Histamine enhances acid secretion via H2 receptor activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a high first-pass effect in the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of a viscous substance that adheres to ulcers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to sedation and dystonic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a common pathogen that may aggravate ulcer formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance the transit of materials through the GI tract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low oral bioavailability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine D2 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Omeprazole and amoxicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclazine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Campylobacter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit peristalsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ondansetron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticholinergic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium citrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diphenoxylate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote defecation less forcefully (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating hydrogen ion secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires a low pH to be activated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensive first-pass metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased effectiveness of the medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound acid hypersecretion (A), Reduced calcium absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces acid secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of CYP2C &amp; CYP3A metabolizing enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit H+, K+-ATPase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypergastrinemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a competitive H2 receptor antagonist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be given less frequently than Cimetidine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act on EP3 receptors on parietal and epithelial cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a relatively brief duration of action (4-8 hours). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of the P450 metabolic pathway. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They neutralize stomach acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sucralfate, an aluminum salt, forms a viscous paste in acidic environments. This paste adheres to ulcerated stomach lining, protecting it.

Treating H. pylori infection often involves a combination of drugs, such as omeprazole and amoxicillin, to eliminate the bacteria and reduce stomach acid production.

Improves the movement of materials through the digestive tract by increasing the transmission of the nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract

Metoclopramide is a prokinetic drug that reduces nausea, and improves stomach emptying by blocking dopamine (D2) receptors.

Domperidone is a prokinetic drug that reduces nausea and improves stomach emptying, similar to Metoclopramide, by blocking dopamine, but it does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

Prokinetic drugs are sometimes used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) to improve digestion and stomach emptying.

Antiemetic drugs are used to treat nausea and vomiting.

A class of drugs that treat nausea and vomiting by reducing the effect of the neurotransmitter serotonin on specific receptors, commonly used to manage nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy or surgery

Drugs that block the production of stomach acid by inhibiting the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme.

Drugs that reduce stomach acid production by blocking histamine receptors.

A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with a shorter duration of action (4-8 hrs).

A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with a longer duration of action (8-12 hrs).

Drugs that reduce stomach acid production by blocking acetylcholine receptors.

Hormones that protect the stomach lining and reduce acid production.

A synthetic prostaglandin that reduces stomach acid and protects against NSAID-induced ulcers.

Weak bases that neutralize stomach acid by raising the stomach pH.

A common antacid that quickly neutralizes stomach acid.

A common antacid that neutralizes stomach acid, but may cause constipation.

Medications like hyoscine, cyclazine, and promethazine are used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.

Ondansetron and metoclopramide are frequently used to combat nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatments.

Ondansetron and metoclopramide are effective in managing nausea and vomiting after surgical procedures.

Constipation means Difficulty emptying the bowels, often with hard stools.

Laxatives are mild, while cathartics and purgatives are stronger drugs used to promote bowel movements.

Drugs like bisacodyl, castor oil, lactulose, and magnesium sulfate are examples of purgatives.

Anticholinergics like atropine, opioids, iron, and calcium channel blockers can lead to constipation.

Diarrhea is characterized by having at least three loose stools or liquid bowel movements each day.

The most frequent cause of diarrhea is an infection of the intestines, often from contaminated food or water.

Fluid replacement is crucial, especially using oral rehydration salts (ORS) containing electrolytes like NaCl, KCl, sodium citrate, and glucose.

The process by which parietal cells in the stomach lining release hydrogen ions (H+) into the gastric lumen, contributing to the acidity of stomach contents.

Drugs that block the action of histamine at H2 receptors on parietal cells, reducing acid secretion. Examples include cimetidine and ranitidine.

Drugs that mimic the protective effects of prostaglandins, which promote mucus production and reduce acid secretion. Examples include misoprostol.

A protein complex in the stomach's parietal cells responsible for actively transporting hydrogen ions (H+) into the stomach lumen, creating acidic gastric juice.

Specialized cells lining the stomach that produce and secrete gastric acid (HCl) using proton pumps.

The name for the proton pump, a transmembrane protein that uses ATP to move hydrogen ions out of the parietal cell and potassium ions into the cell.

A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that irreversibly blocks the H+, K+-ATPase, reducing gastric acid production.

A drug that is inactive in its original form and requires metabolic conversion in the body to become active.

A type of inhibition in which the inhibitor permanently binds to and disables the target enzyme, preventing it from functioning again.

The S-isomer of omeprazole, also a PPI that acts as a potent H+, K+-ATPase inhibitor.

Omeprazole is a prodrug that gets activated in the acidic environment of the stomach. It then binds irreversibly to the proton pump, thereby preventing it from moving H+ ions into the stomach and reducing acid secretion.

Omeprazole binds irreversibly to the proton pump, forming a strong bond that lasts for a long time. This makes its effect on acid production long-lasting, even after a single dose.

Omeprazole should be taken before a meal to ensure its activation in the acidic environment of the stomach. It should not be taken with other acid-suppressing medications to avoid potential interactions.