Gas Laws and Properties Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship described by Boyle’s Law?

Pressure remains constant while volume changes.

Temperature and volume are inversely related.

Pressure and temperature have a direct relationship.

Volume decreases while pressure increases. (correct)

Under which condition does Charles' Law apply?

Pressure decreases while temperature increases.

Pressure remains constant while volume changes. (correct)

Volume is constant while temperature changes.

Temperature remains constant while volume changes.

What does Dalton’s Law state about gas mixtures?

Total pressure is the product of the partial pressures.

Total pressure is the sum of individual partial pressures. (correct)

The temperature is the same as each individual gas.

Each gas exerting equal pressure results in no change.

Avogadro’s Number relates the number of molecules to which property?

Amount of gas and volume of gas. Signup and view all the answers

What does Van der Waals’ equation account for?

Intermolecular forces and the volume of actual molecules. Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature of a gas relate to its kinetic energy?

Temperature is directly proportional to average kinetic energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when gas is compressed quickly according to the adiabatic changes?

Kinetic energy increases and temperature increases. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Universal Gas Law formula PV = nrT represent?

The relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature in ideal gas behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate force?

Force = mass (m) x acceleration (a) Signup and view all the answers

What unit is pressure measured in?

Pascals Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy represents stored energy that can be converted into work?

Potential Energy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of work?

Work is the application of force over a distance. Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's 3rd Law of Reciprocal Action, what happens for every action?

There is an equal and opposite reaction. Signup and view all the answers

How is absolute pressure calculated?

Atmospheric pressure plus gauge pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Conservation state about energy?

Energy can only be transformed but not created or destroyed. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrostatic pressure depend on?

The height of the fluid and gravity. Signup and view all the answers

What equation represents Ohm's Law?

$V = I \times R$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of electrical current maintains the same polarity at all times?

Direct current Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a Line Item Monitor (LIM)?

To measure resistance from leakage Signup and view all the answers

In an ungrounded system, how does an isolation transformer function?

It uses electromagnetic induction for galvanic isolation Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable leakage current from hospital equipment?

10 uA Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of macroshock in an OR setting?

Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of electrosurgery requires a grounding pad?

Monopolar electrosurgery Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the degree of electrical injury?

Time of day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about skin burns due to electrical shock is true?

Skin burns may appear mild but internal damage can be severe Signup and view all the answers

At what current level does ventricular fibrillation (VFib) potentially occur from microshock?

100 uA Signup and view all the answers

What component determines the directionality of a laser beam?

BREWSTER ANGLE Signup and view all the answers

Which type of laser is primarily used in ENT surgeries and characterized by its longer wavelength?

Carbon Dioxide laser Signup and view all the answers

Why is protective eyewear recommended for all personnel when using lasers?

Reflected radiation can be just as hazardous as direct radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Nd:YAG laser in comparison to the Carbon Dioxide laser?

Deeper penetration due to higher energy photons Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken regarding instruments and flammable materials when lasers are in use?

Remove flammable materials from the vicinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of having a plan of action during laser surgery in the OR?

To clarify designated crisis roles and response Signup and view all the answers

What wavelength range does the Carbon Dioxide laser operate in?

Far infrared Signup and view all the answers

What is a common drawback of using the Nd:YAG laser in surgeries?

It causes delayed postoperative swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which anesthesia technique is specifically highlighted for patients undergoing laser procedures?

Use of EtO2 Signup and view all the answers

What property of laser beams makes distance from the source negligible in terms of safety?

Laser beams do NOT decay with distance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a narrowing in a tube according to Bernoulli's Principle?

Velocity increases while pressure decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes laminar flow compared to turbulent flow?

Predictability and less tangential stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics?

Size of the pump. Signup and view all the answers

How does viscosity influence fluid flow according to Poiseuille's Law?

Flow is indirectly proportional to viscosity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of turbulent flow?

Irregularities in flow such as swirls and eddies. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is required for flow to be categorized as laminar according to the Reynolds number?

Reynolds number below 1000. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is the Venturi effect most prominently observed?

When there's a narrowing that pulls in extra air. Signup and view all the answers

What role does friction play in fluid dynamics?

It affects tangential stress and resistance to flow. Signup and view all the answers

How does Poiseuille's Law affect clinical practice in IV fluid administration?

A larger bore catheter allows for increased flow rates. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gas Properties

Molecules move freely and randomly.
Attractive forces are weaker than kinetic energy.
Molecules exert no force unless they collide.
Collisions do not decrease energy.
Temperature is based on average kinetic energy.

Boyle's Law

Temperature remains constant.
Pressure and volume have an inverse relationship.
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2.
Decreasing volume increases pressure in lungs - hand-bag ventilation.

Charles' Law

Pressure remains constant.
Temperature and volume have a direct relationship.
T1/V1 = T2/V2.
Gases expand when heated.

Gay-Lussac's Law

Volume remains constant.
Temperature and pressure have a direct relationship.
T1/P1 = T2/P2.
Decreased temperature reduces kinetic energy and pressure.

Avogadro's Number

Relates gas amount to volume.
Represents the number of molecules in one mole of gas.
1 mole = 6.023 x 10^23 molecules.
1 mole = 22.4 L.
1 mole = Molecular weight (MW).

Universal Gas Law

Assumes ideal gas behavior.
PV = nRT.
R = 0.0821 L/atm.

van der Waal's Equation

Accounts for molecular volume and intermolecular forces.
Example: Surfactant.

Adiabatic Changes

No time for equilibrium with the environment.
Concentration effect: decreased area intensifies the effect (heating).
Dilution effect: increased area reduces intensity (cooling).

Dalton's Law

Total partial pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of individual partial pressures.
760 mmHg = P (total) at sea level.
Altitude affects the number of molecules but not the percentage of gases.
P (total) = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4.

Units of Measurement

Mass: grams (g).
Length: meters (m).
Volume: liters (L).
Time: seconds (sec).

Force

Energy required to change an object from rest to motion.
F = mass (m) x acceleration (a).
Measured in Newtons.
Gravity is a force of attraction to mass.

Pressure

Force applied per unit area.
Measured in Pascal (Pa) and Kilopascal (kPa).
Bourdon gauge directly measures pressure.
Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure.
Gauge pressure = absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure.

Energy

Measured in Joules.
Potential Energy: stored energy.
Kinetic Energy: exerted force.
PE and KE are in equilibrium.
KE and work are the same.
Law of Conservation: Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transferred or converted.

Work

Force x Distance = Work.
KE and work are equivalent.

Laplace's Law

Relates pressure to wall tension and radius of a vessel.
Cylinders: P = 2T/r.
Spheres: P = 4T/r.
Smaller radius requires greater tension to maintain pressure.

Pascal's Principle

Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.

Surface Tension

The force that pulls liquid molecules together at the surface.
Determined by cohesive forces and temperature.
Lower surface tension allows for easier spreading.

Venturi Effect

Narrowing of a tube increases fluid velocity and decreases pressure.
Opening at the narrowing pulls in extra air, like in jet ventilation.

Ohm's Law

V = I x R.
Current (I): amount of electrical charge flow.
Voltage (V): electrical potential gradient that pushes charge.
Resistance (R): obstruction to electrical flow.

Electrical Currents & Grounding

Direct Current (DC): flow in one direction.
Alternating Current (AC): flow reverses periodically.
Typical Circuit: hot (+) and neutral (-) leads create a circuit for energy flow.
Ground lead (3 prongs) connects to the device chassis to return leaked energy to the Earth.
Grounded System: physical contact with the power company.
Ungrounded System: no physical contact, using an isolation transformer.

Line Item Monitor (LIM)

Measures leakage and unintentional grounding.
Displays resistance in milliamps (mA).
Alerts to faulty equipment or grounding issues.

OR Electrical Risks

Microshock: small current directly affecting target tissue.
Macroshock: large current through skin and tissues.
Electrical Injury: severity depends on current amount, type, pathway, duration, and resistance.
Electrosurgery: high frequency (500k - 100k Hz).
Monopolar: requires a grounding pad, high current density, energy goes through patient.
Bipolar: no grounding pad, lower voltage, current flows between forceps.

Lasers

Visible and infrared wavelengths.
Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency.
Laser Components: energy source, Brewster Angle windows, resonant chamber, electrodes.
Risks: reflected radiation is hazardous, laser beams do not decay over distance.

Types of Lasers

Carbon Dioxide Laser: superficial penetration, 10K wavelength, used in ENT and neurosurgeries.
Nd-YAG Laser: deeper penetration, 1K wavelength, used in ENT surgery, delayed swelling.

Laser Safety in OR

Staff: standby mode, secondary light beam, monitor instrument location, laser safety goggles, communication, crisis plan.
Patient: laser safety goggles, ETO2.

Fire Risks with Lasers

Precautions: flammable materials, clear communication, evacuation plan, fire extinguisher.
Treatment: remove source, cool patient, administer oxygen.

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Description

Test your knowledge on gas properties and various gas laws such as Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's. Understand the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases, and learn about Avogadro's number and the universal gas law. Dive into the fascinating world of gas behavior and kinetics.