States of Matter and Gas Properties

Three primary states: solids, liquids, gases.
Solids have compact particles and fixed volume.
Liquids have particles that are further apart, take the shape of their container, and have fixed volume.
Gases have particles that are far apart, filling the entire volume of their container.

Key properties to understand gas behavior:
- Pressure (P): Force acting on a specific area, measured in units such as atmospheres (atm), mmHg, torr, and kilopascals (kPa).
- Volume (V): Three-dimensional space occupied by a gas. Measured in milliliters (mL), liters (L), cubic meters, and cubic centimeters.
- Temperature (T): Measure of average kinetic energy of particles, with common units being Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Always use Kelvin for calculations.
- Amount (n): Measured in moles (1 mole = 6.022 x 10²³ units of a substance).

Proposed by Robert Boyle (1627-1691), relating pressure and volume at constant temperature.
States that pressure is inversely proportional to volume: as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa.
Demonstration: Using a syringe with a marshmallow illustrates gas compression when the volume decreases (pressure increases).
Formula: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where:
- P₁ = initial pressure
- V₁ = initial volume
- P₂ = final pressure
- V₂ = final volume

Syringe operation influences fluid movement based on changes in volume and pressure.
Breathing mechanism: diaphragm movement creates volume changes in lungs affecting internal pressure.
Example problem: Calculate gas volume under changing pressures, reinforcing key formulas.

Proposed by Jacques Charles (1746-1823), relates volume and temperature at constant pressure.
States that volume is directly proportional to temperature: as temperature increases, volume increases and vice versa.
Graph representation shows direct proportionality between volume and temperature.
Formula: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂, ensuring temperatures are in Kelvin for calculations.

Hot air balloons operate by heating air, which increases volume and causes the balloon to rise.
Ping pong balls expand when heated due to increased air inside.
Baking: yeast in bread releases gas, increasing volume when heated.

For Boyle's Law, calculate final volume or pressure using the given initial values and the relationship established by the law.
For Charles's Law, always convert Celsius to Kelvin before performing calculations. Use the relationship of volume and temperature to determine final states.

Three primary states: solids, liquids, gases.
Solids: Particles are tightly packed, maintain a fixed shape and volume.
Liquids: Particles are more spaced apart, adopt the shape of their container while retaining a fixed volume.
Gases: Particles are widely spaced, filling the entire volume of their container.

Pressure (P): Defined as force per unit area; units include atmospheres (atm), mmHg, torr, and kilopascals (kPa).
Volume (V): The space occupied by a gas, measured in milliliters (mL), liters (L), cubic meters, or cubic centimeters.
Temperature (T): Reflects the average kinetic energy of gas particles; common scales include Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Use Kelvin for calculations to maintain consistency.
Amount (n): Quantified in moles; 1 mole equals 6.022 x 10²³ particles of a substance.

Formulated by Robert Boyle (1627-1691); links pressure and volume at constant temperature.
Demonstrates that pressure inversely correlates with volume: as volume increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa).
Example: Syringe with a marshmallow shows gas behavior under compression (volume decrease leads to pressure increase).
Key formula: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ where:
- P₁ and V₁: Initial pressure and volume
- P₂ and V₂: Final pressure and volume

Syringe operation illustrates fluid movement influenced by pressure and volume changes.
Breathing Mechanism: Diaphragm movement alters lung volume, affecting internal pressure for inhalation and exhalation.
Sample problem solving reinforces understanding of gas behavior under varying pressures.

Developed by Jacques Charles (1746-1823); connects volume and temperature at constant pressure.
States that volume is proportionally related to temperature: increasing temperature results in increased volume.
Graphically represented as a direct relationship between volume and temperature.
Required formula: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂; ensure all temperatures are in Kelvin for calculations.

Hot air balloons: Heating air increases its volume, allowing the balloon to ascend.
Heated ping pong balls expand as the air inside them increases in volume.
In baking, yeast produces gas that expands and increases volume when heated, contributing to rising dough.

For Boyle's Law, determine final volume or pressure by applying the initial values and the law's relationship.
Always convert Celsius to Kelvin in Charles's Law before performing calculations to evaluate final states based on volume and temperature changes.