Gas Exchange and Atmospheric Composition
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Questions and Answers

What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

  • Partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and blood flow rate (correct)
  • Ventilation rate
  • Alveolar air pressure
  • Composition of atmospheric air

Where does O2 bind to the hemoglobin molecule?

  • Globin chains
  • Carbonic anhydrase
  • Heme group (correct)
  • Alveoli

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?

  • Rate of O2 loading
  • Amount of O2 unloading (correct)
  • Rate of CO2 loading
  • Blood pH regulation

What are the three modes of CO2 transport in the blood?

<p>Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, carried as bicarbonate ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise increase respiration?

<p>By stimulating central and peripheral chemoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two modes of O2 transport in the blood?

<p>Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four mechanisms that adjust the amount of O2 unloaded by hemoglobin to the needs of individual tissues?

<p>Metabolic rate, utilization coefficient, Haldane effect, Bohr effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

<p>The concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

<p>Carbon dioxide levels in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of the blood?

<p>7.35 - 7.45 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in the loading of CO2 from the tissue fluids?

<p>It catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of Henry’s law to the air–water interface in the alveoli?

<p>Explanation of gas exchange in the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

<p>To facilitate diffusion across membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>To the globin protein chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four variables that determine the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

<p>Oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, blood flow, and diffusion distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the utilization coefficient when referring to O2 unloading?

<p>$O_2$ release to tissues divided by total $O_2$ content in arterial blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations above and below the normal pH range of the blood?

<p>Alkalosis and Acidosis respectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

<p>Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law is applied to the air-water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

<p>Henry’s law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

<p>Gas exchange in the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

<p>Hemoglobin concentration in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>Globin chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in CO2 loading from tissue fluids?

<p>Catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes ventilation-perfusion coupling?

<p>Matching pulmonary airflow to blood flow for optimal gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Haldane effect modify CO2 loading in relation to metabolic rates?

<p>Increases CO2 unloading at high metabolic rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, influencing breathing?

<p>High blood CO2 levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations below the normal pH range of the blood due to $CO_2$ imbalances?

<p>Respiratory acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

<p>High blood $CO_2$ levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the partial pressures and total atmospheric pressure of gases in the atmosphere?

<p>Dalton’s law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

<p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

<p>To facilitate diffusion in the alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

<p>Bohr effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>Globin chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four variables that determine the rate of CO2 loading and O2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

<p>$CO_2$ concentration, temperature, pH, and altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law is applied to the air–water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

<p>$Henry's law$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise increase respiration?

<p>By stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three factors that stimulate the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

<p>Blood oxygen levels, blood pH, and lung volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations above the normal pH range of the blood?

<p>Alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

<p>Blood pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Haldane effect modify in relation to metabolic rates?

<p>CO2 unloading as hemoglobin passes through alveolar capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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