40 Questions
What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?
Partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and blood flow rate
Where does O2 bind to the hemoglobin molecule?
Heme group
What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?
Amount of O2 unloading
What are the three modes of CO2 transport in the blood?
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, carried as bicarbonate ions
How does exercise increase respiration?
By stimulating central and peripheral chemoreceptors
What are the two modes of O2 transport in the blood?
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin
What are the four mechanisms that adjust the amount of O2 unloaded by hemoglobin to the needs of individual tissues?
Metabolic rate, utilization coefficient, Haldane effect, Bohr effect
What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?
The concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood
What do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood
What is the normal pH range of the blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in the loading of CO2 from the tissue fluids?
It catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid
What is the application of Henry’s law to the air–water interface in the alveoli?
Explanation of gas exchange in the alveoli
Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?
To facilitate diffusion across membranes
Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?
To the globin protein chains
What are the four variables that determine the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?
Oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, blood flow, and diffusion distance
What is the meaning of the utilization coefficient when referring to O2 unloading?
$O_2$ release to tissues divided by total $O_2$ content in arterial blood
What is a term for deviations above and below the normal pH range of the blood?
Alkalosis and Acidosis respectively.
What factor determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?
Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli
Which gas law is applied to the air-water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?
Henry’s law
What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?
Gas exchange in the lungs
What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?
Hemoglobin concentration in the blood
Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?
Globin chains
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in CO2 loading from tissue fluids?
Catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate ions
Which statement best describes ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Matching pulmonary airflow to blood flow for optimal gas exchange
How does the Haldane effect modify CO2 loading in relation to metabolic rates?
Increases CO2 unloading at high metabolic rates
What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, influencing breathing?
High blood CO2 levels
What is a term for deviations below the normal pH range of the blood due to $CO_2$ imbalances?
Respiratory acidosis
What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?
High blood $CO_2$ levels
What determines the partial pressures and total atmospheric pressure of gases in the atmosphere?
Dalton’s law
What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?
Gas exchange
Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?
To facilitate diffusion in the alveoli
What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?
Bohr effect
Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?
Globin chain
What are the four variables that determine the rate of CO2 loading and O2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?
$CO_2$ concentration, temperature, pH, and altitude
Which gas law is applied to the air–water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?
$Henry's law$
How does exercise increase respiration?
By stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors
What are three factors that stimulate the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?
Blood oxygen levels, blood pH, and lung volume
What is a term for deviations above the normal pH range of the blood?
Alkalosis
What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?
Blood pH
What does the Haldane effect modify in relation to metabolic rates?
CO2 unloading as hemoglobin passes through alveolar capillaries
Test your knowledge on the composition of atmospheric air, the application of Dalton’s and Henry’s laws, the differences between atmospheric and alveolar air, and the variables affecting gas exchange in the body.
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