Gas Exchange and Atmospheric Composition

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What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and blood flow rate (correct)

Ventilation rate

Alveolar air pressure

Composition of atmospheric air

Where does O2 bind to the hemoglobin molecule?

Globin chains

Carbonic anhydrase

Heme group (correct)

Alveoli

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?

Rate of O2 loading

Amount of O2 unloading (correct)

Rate of CO2 loading

Blood pH regulation

What are the three modes of CO2 transport in the blood?

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, carried as bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise increase respiration?

By stimulating central and peripheral chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What are the two modes of O2 transport in the blood?

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What are the four mechanisms that adjust the amount of O2 unloaded by hemoglobin to the needs of individual tissues?

Metabolic rate, utilization coefficient, Haldane effect, Bohr effect Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

The concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of the blood?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in the loading of CO2 from the tissue fluids?

It catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of Henry’s law to the air–water interface in the alveoli?

Explanation of gas exchange in the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

To facilitate diffusion across membranes Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

To the globin protein chains Signup and view all the answers

What are the four variables that determine the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, blood flow, and diffusion distance Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the utilization coefficient when referring to O2 unloading?

$O_2$ release to tissues divided by total $O_2$ content in arterial blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations above and below the normal pH range of the blood?

Alkalosis and Acidosis respectively. Signup and view all the answers

What factor determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law is applied to the air-water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

Henry’s law Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

Gas exchange in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

Hemoglobin concentration in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

Globin chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in CO2 loading from tissue fluids?

Catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Matching pulmonary airflow to blood flow for optimal gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

How does the Haldane effect modify CO2 loading in relation to metabolic rates?

Increases CO2 unloading at high metabolic rates Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, influencing breathing?

High blood CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations below the normal pH range of the blood due to $CO_2$ imbalances?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

High blood $CO_2$ levels Signup and view all the answers

What determines the partial pressures and total atmospheric pressure of gases in the atmosphere?

Dalton’s law Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

To facilitate diffusion in the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

Bohr effect Signup and view all the answers

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

Globin chain Signup and view all the answers

What are the four variables that determine the rate of CO2 loading and O2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

$CO_2$ concentration, temperature, pH, and altitude Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law is applied to the air–water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

$Henry's law$ Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise increase respiration?

By stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What are three factors that stimulate the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

Blood oxygen levels, blood pH, and lung volume Signup and view all the answers

What is a term for deviations above the normal pH range of the blood?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

Blood pH Signup and view all the answers

What does the Haldane effect modify in relation to metabolic rates?

CO2 unloading as hemoglobin passes through alveolar capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Gas Exchange and Atmospheric Composition

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Questions and Answers

What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Where does O2 bind to the hemoglobin molecule?

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?

What are the three modes of CO2 transport in the blood?

How does exercise increase respiration?

What are the two modes of O2 transport in the blood?

What are the four mechanisms that adjust the amount of O2 unloaded by hemoglobin to the needs of individual tissues?

What determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

What do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

What is the normal pH range of the blood?

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in the loading of CO2 from the tissue fluids?

What is the application of Henry’s law to the air–water interface in the alveoli?

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

What are the four variables that determine the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

What is the meaning of the utilization coefficient when referring to O2 unloading?

What is a term for deviations above and below the normal pH range of the blood?

What factor determines the rate of O2 loading and CO2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Which gas law is applied to the air-water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in CO2 loading from tissue fluids?

Which statement best describes ventilation-perfusion coupling?

How does the Haldane effect modify CO2 loading in relation to metabolic rates?

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, influencing breathing?

What is a term for deviations below the normal pH range of the blood due to $CO_2$ imbalances?

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

What determines the partial pressures and total atmospheric pressure of gases in the atmosphere?

What is the main reason for the difference between the composition of atmospheric air and alveolar air?

Why does gas exchange depend on the ability of gases to dissolve in water?

What determines the relative amounts of O2 transported by each mode of O2 transport in the blood?

Where does CO2 bind to hemoglobin in the blood?

What are the four variables that determine the rate of CO2 loading and O2 unloading by blood passing through the alveolar capillaries?

Which gas law is applied to the air–water interface in the alveoli to understand gas exchange?

How does exercise increase respiration?

What are three factors that stimulate the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

What is a term for deviations above the normal pH range of the blood?

What influences breathing through its stimulation of central chemoreceptors?

What does the Haldane effect modify in relation to metabolic rates?

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