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Questions and Answers
What is the meaning of 1 part per million (ppm) in terms of distance?
What is the meaning of 1 part per million (ppm) in terms of distance?
What does TLV-TWA stand for?
What does TLV-TWA stand for?
What is the purpose of Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)?
What is the purpose of Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)?
What is the duration of exposure considered for Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)?
What is the duration of exposure considered for Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)?
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What is the consequence of exposure to toxic substances at or below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV)?
What is the consequence of exposure to toxic substances at or below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV)?
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What is a possible effect of exposure to toxic substances at or below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) in individuals with pre-existing conditions?
What is a possible effect of exposure to toxic substances at or below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) in individuals with pre-existing conditions?
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What should rescue members be competent in during hazardous materials response?
What should rescue members be competent in during hazardous materials response?
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What is a critical incident?
What is a critical incident?
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Where can rescuers refer to in the event of a hazardous materials incident?
Where can rescuers refer to in the event of a hazardous materials incident?
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What are the categories of stress reactions in critical incidents?
What are the categories of stress reactions in critical incidents?
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What is a potential consequence of prolonged stress reactions in critical incidents?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged stress reactions in critical incidents?
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What should be done with a detector tube before use?
What should be done with a detector tube before use?
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How do colourimetric tubes indicate the concentration of a substance?
How do colourimetric tubes indicate the concentration of a substance?
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What are some factors to consider when using detector tubes?
What are some factors to consider when using detector tubes?
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What is an advantage of using portable pumps with detector tubes?
What is an advantage of using portable pumps with detector tubes?
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What should be done with detector tubes after their expiration date?
What should be done with detector tubes after their expiration date?
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What is the primary consideration when deciding on a knot to use in a rope rescue operation?
What is the primary consideration when deciding on a knot to use in a rope rescue operation?
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What is the purpose of the Butterfly Harness?
What is the purpose of the Butterfly Harness?
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What is the primary objective of blanketing a stretcher?
What is the primary objective of blanketing a stretcher?
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What is the purpose of the ring bend in the seat harness?
What is the purpose of the ring bend in the seat harness?
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Why is it important to avoid placing the knot at certain locations on the body?
Why is it important to avoid placing the knot at certain locations on the body?
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What is the purpose of the basket stretcher tie-in procedure?
What is the purpose of the basket stretcher tie-in procedure?
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What is a bend used for in rope rescue operations?
What is a bend used for in rope rescue operations?
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What type of hitch is used to secure a rope to a pole or post?
What type of hitch is used to secure a rope to a pole or post?
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What is the purpose of the chest harness?
What is the purpose of the chest harness?
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What is a consideration when using a herringbone tie-in?
What is a consideration when using a herringbone tie-in?
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What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight Bend?
What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight Bend?
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What is the purpose of a safety knot in rope rescue operations?
What is the purpose of a safety knot in rope rescue operations?
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What is a bight in rope rescue operations?
What is a bight in rope rescue operations?
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Why is padding used in the basket stretcher tie-in procedure?
Why is padding used in the basket stretcher tie-in procedure?
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What is the minimum rope diameter required for the Butterfly Harness?
What is the minimum rope diameter required for the Butterfly Harness?
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How do you connect the seat and chest harness together?
How do you connect the seat and chest harness together?
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What is the benefit of using a herringbone tie-in?
What is the benefit of using a herringbone tie-in?
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What is the purpose of the webbing harness?
What is the purpose of the webbing harness?
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What is the running end of a rope in rope rescue operations?
What is the running end of a rope in rope rescue operations?
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What type of harness is used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness?
What type of harness is used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness?
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What is the tail of a rope in rope rescue operations?
What is the tail of a rope in rope rescue operations?
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What is the purpose of the Double Sheetbend?
What is the purpose of the Double Sheetbend?
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Why is it important to ensure the tie-in is not too tight?
Why is it important to ensure the tie-in is not too tight?
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What is the first step in using the webbing harness?
What is the first step in using the webbing harness?
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What should be secured in the basket stretcher if there is a possibility of them falling out?
What should be secured in the basket stretcher if there is a possibility of them falling out?
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What reduces the strength of a rope in rope rescue operations?
What reduces the strength of a rope in rope rescue operations?
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What should rescuers do with the webbing straps after placing them behind the casualty's neck?
What should rescuers do with the webbing straps after placing them behind the casualty's neck?
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What type of hitch is used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations?
What type of hitch is used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations?
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What is a critical factor to consider when choosing a knot in rope rescue operations?
What is a critical factor to consider when choosing a knot in rope rescue operations?
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Why is it important to protect the casualty's face during the tie-in procedure?
Why is it important to protect the casualty's face during the tie-in procedure?
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What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight Follow-Through?
What is the purpose of the Figure of Eight Follow-Through?
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What is the advantage of using the webbing harness?
What is the advantage of using the webbing harness?
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What type of knot is used to create a double loop?
What type of knot is used to create a double loop?
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What is the primary purpose of a hitch in rope rescue operations?
What is the primary purpose of a hitch in rope rescue operations?
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How should rescuers move the casualty to a safe area using the webbing harness?
How should rescuers move the casualty to a safe area using the webbing harness?
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What should be considered when using a commercial tie-in kit?
What should be considered when using a commercial tie-in kit?
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Why is it important to leave a space at least 4 inches from the head to the rail when loading a casualty into a stretcher?
Why is it important to leave a space at least 4 inches from the head to the rail when loading a casualty into a stretcher?
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What is essential to consider when deciding on a knot to use in rope rescue operations?
What is essential to consider when deciding on a knot to use in rope rescue operations?
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What is the purpose of the Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches?
What is the purpose of the Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches?
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What is the final check to be performed after completing the full body harness?
What is the final check to be performed after completing the full body harness?
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Study Notes
Detector Tubes
- A portable pump draws a known volume of air through a detector tube to measure the concentration of a substance.
- The color of the tube changes and is read on a scale printed on the tube.
- Types of detector tubes: Drager (L) and Gastec (R) colorimetric tubes.
Considerations for Detector Tubes
- Measurement accuracy
- Limits of detection
- Interferences
- Temperature/humidity
- Shelf life
- Time period for which the color stain is stable after sampling
- Readings should be compared to the appropriate short-term exposure limits, such as TLV-STEL and TLV-C.
Storage and Shelf Life of Tubes
- Tubes have a shelf life, with expiration dates printed on the box.
- Proper storage: avoid excessively low or high temperatures and direct sunlight.
Advantages of Detector Tubes
- Operation with one hand
- Low weight and simple operation
Understanding Toxic Chemicals
- Threshold limit values (TLVs) are airborne concentrations of substances to which most workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
- One part per million (ppm) is a small concentration, equivalent to:
- 1 meter in 1,000 kilometers
- 1 milliliter per 1,000 liters of liquid
- 1 square centimeter in 100 square meters
- 1 cent in 10,000 dollars
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
- Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal eight-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek.
- TLV-TWA is the concentration to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects.
First Response to Hazardous Materials
- Rescue members should be competent in site-specific response procedures.
- Resources for rescuers:
- The Emergency Response Guidebook for Incidents Involving Hazardous Materials
- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or Information Sheets
- CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre) and WISER (Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders)
- On-site expertise
Physical/Emotional Stress in Critical Incidents
- A critical incident is an event that is outside the range of usual human experience and is psychologically traumatic to the person.
- Critical incidents may produce a wide range of stress reactions, which can appear immediately or within a few days of the event.
- Stress reactions can occur in four categories:
- Cognitive (thinking)
- Physical (body)
- Emotional (feelings)
- Behavioural (actions)
- The more reactions experienced, the greater the impact on the individual.
Knots, Bends, and Hitches
- A knot must be safe for its intended use, strong enough for its role, easy to tie and untie, and not affect the strength of the system beyond the acceptable safety factor.
- Types of knots:
- Overhand Knot: basic safety knot
- Figure Eight: basic safety knot
- Bowline: creates a loop that will not jam, slip, or fall
- Bowline on a Bight: creates a double loop
- Figure of Eight on a Bight: creates a loop that forms the main point of attachment
- Double Figure of Eight: creates two loops that form the main point of attachment
- Butterfly Knot: creates a loop in the standing part of the rope that provides an attachment point for multidirectional use
- Bends:
- Double Sheetbend: used for tying two ropes of unequal size together
- Double Fisherman's: used to join two ropes of equal diameter
- Ring Bend: for connecting webbing to webbing
- Figure of Eight Bend: used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them
- Hitches:
- Clove Hitch: used for securing a rope to a pole or post
- Timber Hitch: used to hoist or drag timber or pipes
- Munter Hitch: used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations
- Prusik Friction Hitch: used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope
- Tensionless Hitch: used for anchoring a rope
- Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches: used to secure rope to a post or pipe
- Cat's Paw: used to secure rope to hooks and rings
Harnesses
- Types of harnesses:
- Butterfly Harness: used when only a rope is available to safely lower or raise a casualty
- Webbing Harness (Upright): used for an upright person who requires an easy, quickly made full-body harness
- Webbing Harness: used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue
- Key points for using harnesses:
- Ensure the harness is comfortable and snug
- Avoid placing knots in a way that creates pressure points on the wearer's body
- Use padding between the rope and the wearer's body where there are points of pressure
- Secure the eye to the loops with two half hitches to prevent slipping and tightening of the knot on the wearer's body
Blanketing a Stretcher
- Objectives:
- Provide the casualty with warmth for shock or environmental conditions
- Comfort the casualty by ensuring there is nothing that can cause pressure points on the casualty's body
- Allow a rescuer to quickly access the vital signs and injuries of the casualty
- Keep the blankets from being loose and potentially getting into rigging systems
- Procedure:
- Lay blankets as shown, avoiding bumps that could cause pressure points
- Load casualty in, leaving a space at least 4” from head to rail if possible
- Wrap around legs, keeping loose at feet if a rope tie-in is to be used
- Finish by pulling the upper body blanket over and tucking it in
Basket Stretcher Tie-In
- Objectives:
- Secure the casualty sufficiently to reduce aggravation of injuries during transport
- Prevent the casualty from sliding around or slipping out of the basket
- Ensure the casualty is well-secured while moving from one height to another
- Prevent the casualty from moving within the basket when it needs to be moved from partial tipping to a full vertical position
- Fully secure the casualty in the basket when the rescuer cannot accompany them for the duration of a rescue
- Herringbone Tie-In procedure:
- Thread half of the tie-in web or rope through the bottom section of the stretcher, below the lowest cross member
- If using a rope, lay the center of the tie-in on top of the stretcher rail, wrap around the feet with a clove hitch, and pull the loop between the feet over the clove hitch
- If using webbing, form bights on each side of the stretcher, pull one through the stretcher, and push through the 1st loop at the feet
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Description
This quiz covers the procedures and considerations for using colorimetric tubes to measure gas concentrations. Learn about the steps before use, operation, and factors affecting measurement accuracy.
