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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Why are common names considered unreliable for scientific classification?
Why are common names considered unreliable for scientific classification?
- Common names are universally accepted and rarely change over time.
- Common names are precise and specific, leading to no confusion.
- Common names accurately represent the evolutionary history of a species. (correct)
- Common names can vary by language and may refer to multiple different species.
In the Linnaean system of classification, what characteristic is used to classify organisms?
In the Linnaean system of classification, what characteristic is used to classify organisms?
- Dietary habits.
- Habitat preference.
- Geographic location. (correct)
- Shared characteristics.
What is the correct format for a species name in the binomial nomenclature system?
What is the correct format for a species name in the binomial nomenclature system?
- Genus (uppercase), species (uppercase)
- Genus (lowercase), species (uppercase)
- Genus (uppercase), species (lowercase)
- Genus (lowercase), species (lowercase) (correct)
Which of the following represents the two highest (most inclusive) levels of taxa in the Linnaean system?
Which of the following represents the two highest (most inclusive) levels of taxa in the Linnaean system?
Which factor do traditional classifications take into account when organizing organisms?
Which factor do traditional classifications take into account when organizing organisms?
During Linnaeus' time, how was life divided into different groups?
During Linnaeus' time, how was life divided into different groups?
Before the current classification, the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped into what single kingdom?
Before the current classification, the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped into what single kingdom?
Which two domains are exclusively composed of unicellular organisms?
Which two domains are exclusively composed of unicellular organisms?
Which of the following is the most specific classification in taxonomy?
Which of the following is the most specific classification in taxonomy?
What is a derived character in the context of classification?
What is a derived character in the context of classification?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Naming system that provides each species a scientific name.
Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus
A scientist known for developing the classification system used today.
Genus
Genus
A classification rank that groups closely related species together.
Species
Species
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Mammalia
Mammalia
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Derived character
Derived character
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Cladogram
Cladogram
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Common ancestry
Common ancestry
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Kingdom of Eukaryotes
Kingdom of Eukaryotes
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Kingdom of Fungi
Kingdom of Fungi
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
- Game theory studies mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational agents.
- Applications span economics, political science, biology, and computer science.
Prisoner's Dilemma
- Two suspects, held separately, face a choice to confess or stay silent.
- If one confesses and the other doesn't, the confessor is released, and the other gets 10 years.
- If both confess, they each get 5 years.
- If neither confesses, they each get 1 year.
Payoff Matrix for Prisoner's Dilemma
| Suspect B Confesses | Suspect B Stays Silent | |
|---|---|---|
| Suspect A Confesses | (-5, -5) | (0, -10) |
| Suspect A Stays Silent | (-10, 0) | (-1, -1) |
- Matrix entries show prison sentences for Suspect A and Suspect B respectively.
Rationality in Game Theory
- Players are assumed to act to maximize their own payoff, given their beliefs.
Nash Equilibrium Defined
- A state where no player benefits from unilaterally changing strategy if others don't.
- In Prisoner's Dilemma, both confessing is the Nash Equilibrium, because each suspect is better off confessing regardless of the other's action
Algorithmic Game Theory (AGT)
- AGT blends game theory and computer science
- It focuses on computational aspects of games.
- Efficient algorithms for finding Nash Equilibria
- Analyzing strategic behavior complexity
- Designing mechanisms to incentivize socially desirable behavior
Key Topics in AGT
- Mechanism Design: rules for achieving desired outcomes even with selfish players.
- Price of Anarchy: measures efficiency degradation from agents behaving selfishly.
- Computational Complexity: analyzes difficulty in computing game-theoretic solutions like Nash equilibrium.
- Learning in Games: focuses on how players learn to play effectively in repeated games, even without knowing other's strategies
Google's Ad Auction: example
- A mechanism design problem where Google maximizes revenue by allocating ad slots.
- Advertisers have different valuations and may be untruthful.
- Google uses a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction.
- Advertisers bid for slots
- Allocation goes to highest bidders
- Each winner pays the harm caused to other bidders.
- VCG auctions are truthful because bidding true value is always in an advertiser's best interest.
- AGT is a tool for analyzing strategic interactions, improving system design, and increasing efficiency and fairness.
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