3-L2
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of the cross-linking of lens proteins by S-S- bond formation?

  • Blindness
  • NADPH depletion
  • Glaucoma
  • Cataracts (correct)

    • What is the result of the accumulation of galactose and galactitol in the eye?

  • NADPH depletion
  • Liver damage
  • Raised intra-ocular pressure (correct)
  • Cataracts

    • What is the effect of galactose 1-phosphate accumulation in tissues?

  • Damage to the liver, kidney, and brain (correct)
  • ATP synthesis
  • Cataract formation
  • NADPH depletion

    • What is the intermediate of glycolysis that fructose is converted to?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that hydrolyses dietary sucrose?

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological response that triggers gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Fasting, starvation, or prolonged exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzymes are the major control sites for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>PEPCK and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases the activity of PEPCK?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased rates of gluconeogenesis in the absence of adequate insulin?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does glucagon use to stimulate gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Lowering the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a major role in determining the rate of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Insulin/glucagon ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Citric acid cycle occur?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the complete oxidation of glucose derivatives?

    <p>CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule that most fuel molecules enter the Citric acid cycle as?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATPs are produced during one complete turn of the Citric acid cycle?

    <p>12 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the byproducts of the Citric acid cycle?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to one of the three carbons that enter the mitochondria as pyruvate?

    <p>It is lost as Co2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of glucose for the central nervous system and other glucose-dependent tissues during fasting and starvation?

    <p>Liver glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the glucose stored as liver glycogen last during fasting?

    <p>8-10 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting and starvation?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major site of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ is galactose primarily metabolized?

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epimerase reaction during lactation?

    <p>to synthesize lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main substrates of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed from the breakdown of proteins in the skeletal muscles during starvation?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reduction of galactose by aldose reductase?

    <p>galactitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lack of galactokinase enzyme?

    <p>accumulation of galactose in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the more severe type of galactosaemia?

    <p>Classical type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of galactose in the diet?

    <p>lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

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