Podcast
Questions and Answers
What enzyme is deficient in reaction 1 of metabolism of galactose
What enzyme is deficient in reaction 1 of metabolism of galactose
galactokinase
What enzyme is deficient in reaction 2 of metabolism of galactose?
What enzyme is deficient in reaction 2 of metabolism of galactose?
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT)
polyol metabolite
polyol metabolite
galactitol
oxidized byproduct of excess galactose
oxidized byproduct of excess galactose
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increased osmotic pressure by galactitol accumulation leads to
increased osmotic pressure by galactitol accumulation leads to
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accumulation of galactose and galactose-1-phosphate that impairs amino acid transport
accumulation of galactose and galactose-1-phosphate that impairs amino acid transport
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depressed neutrophil bactericidal activity
depressed neutrophil bactericidal activity
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➔ Inherited disorder of ion transport
➔ Affects fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tract
➔ Inherited disorder of ion transport ➔ Affects fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tract
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Defect in cystic fibrosis
Defect in cystic fibrosis
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Mutated CFTR gene in sweat glands inhibits what channel
Mutated CFTR gene in sweat glands inhibits what channel
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Mutated CFTR inhibits secretion of HCO3 in the lumen producing acidic fluid causing
Mutated CFTR inhibits secretion of HCO3 in the lumen producing acidic fluid causing
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Defective protein synthesis , complete lack of CFTR protein at the apical surface
Defective protein synthesis , complete lack of CFTR protein at the apical surface
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Abnormal protein folding, processing, and trafficking, Protein does not become fully folded and glycosylated, Most common mutations: deletion of 3 nucleotides coding for phenylalanine at amino acid position 508
Abnormal protein folding, processing, and trafficking, Protein does not become fully folded and glycosylated, Most common mutations: deletion of 3 nucleotides coding for phenylalanine at amino acid position 508
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Defective regulation, Prevent activation of CFTR by abrogating ATP binding and hydrolysis
o Normal amount of CFTR but nonfunctional
Defective regulation, Prevent activation of CFTR by abrogating ATP binding and hydrolysis o Normal amount of CFTR but nonfunctional
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Decreased conductance, Typically occur in the transmembrane domain
o Normal amount but reduced function → milder phenotype
Decreased conductance, Typically occur in the transmembrane domain o Normal amount but reduced function → milder phenotype
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Reduced abundance, Affect intronic splice sites of the CFTR promoter → reduced amount of normal protein
Reduced abundance, Affect intronic splice sites of the CFTR promoter → reduced amount of normal protein
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Altered function in regulation of ion channels, Affect regulatory role of CFTR
Altered function in regulation of ion channels, Affect regulatory role of CFTR
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Genetic modifiers
Genetic modifiers
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Environmental modifiers
Environmental modifiers
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Accumulation of secretion
Accumulation of secretion
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Exocrine atrophy
Exocrine atrophy
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Atrophy with lipomatosis
Atrophy with lipomatosis
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Grade IV
Grade IV
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▪ Increase the function of CFTR channels
▪ Example: increases probability of Gly551Asp-CFTR
channel opening
▪ Increase the function of CFTR channels ▪ Example: increases probability of Gly551Asp-CFTR channel opening
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▪ improve the intracellular processing and delivery of mutant CFTR → reach the cell surface
▪ example: lumacaftor in Phe508del-CFTR
▪ improve the intracellular processing and delivery of mutant CFTR → reach the cell surface ▪ example: lumacaftor in Phe508del-CFTR
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▪ Promote read-through of premature termination codons in mRNA → generate more CFTR
▪ Example: Ataluren in class I mutations
▪ Promote read-through of premature termination codons in mRNA → generate more CFTR ▪ Example: Ataluren in class I mutations
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Sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age which remains unexplained , Also referred to as crib death or cot death (because the infant usually dies while asleep)
Sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age which remains unexplained , Also referred to as crib death or cot death (because the infant usually dies while asleep)
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have an unexpected anatomic or biochemical basis discernable at autopsy
have an unexpected anatomic or biochemical basis discernable at autopsy
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Most common neoplasms of childhood
Most common neoplasms of childhood
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Microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations
Microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations
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o Excessive focal overgrowth of cells native to the organ in which it occurs.
o Cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ.
o Excessive focal overgrowth of cells native to the organ in which it occurs. o Cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ.
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o Excessive focal overgrowth of cells native to the organ in which it occurs.
o Cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ.
o Excessive focal overgrowth of cells native to the organ in which it occurs. o Cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ.
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Port wine stains, spontaneously regress, von Hippel-Lindau disease
Port wine stains, spontaneously regress, von Hippel-Lindau disease
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- characterized by cystic and cavernous spaces
- may occur in the skin but more often encountered in deeper regions of neck, axilla, mediastinum
- increase in size after birth d/t accumulation of fluid and budding of preexisting spaces
- characterized by cystic and cavernous spaces
- may occur in the skin but more often encountered in deeper regions of neck, axilla, mediastinum
- increase in size after birth d/t accumulation of fluid and budding of preexisting spaces
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- abnormal dilations of pre-existing lymph channels
- presents as diffuse swelling of part or all of an extremity
- lesion is not progressive
- abnormal dilations of pre-existing lymph channels
- presents as diffuse swelling of part or all of an extremity
- lesion is not progressive
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sparsely cellular proliferations of spindle-shaped cells
sparsely cellular proliferations of spindle-shaped cells
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chromosomal translocation t(12;15)(p13;q25) → ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript
chromosomal translocation t(12;15)(p13;q25) → ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript
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benign, well-differentiated cystic lesions
benign, well-differentiated cystic lesions
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benign, well-differentiated cystic lesions
benign, well-differentiated cystic lesions
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lesions of indeterminate potential
lesions of indeterminate potential
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lesions of indeterminate potential
lesions of indeterminate potential
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usually admixed with another germ cell tumor
usually admixed with another germ cell tumor
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most common teratoma in childhood (40% of cases), four times more common in girls than in boys
most common teratoma in childhood (40% of cases), four times more common in girls than in boys
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Includes tumors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla that are derived from primordial
neural crest cells populating these sites
Includes tumors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla that are derived from primordial neural crest cells populating these sites
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o Most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood
o Most frequently diagnosed infant malignancy -Median age at diagnosis is 18 months
o Most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood o Most frequently diagnosed infant malignancy -Median age at diagnosis is 18 months
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Important diagnostic feature in neuroblastoma
Important diagnostic feature in neuroblastoma
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Presence of this “bumps” the tumor to the “high”-risk category, irrespective of age, stage, or histology
Presence of this “bumps” the tumor to the “high”-risk category, irrespective of age, stage, or histology
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o Most common primary renal tumor of childhood
o Fourth most common pediatric malignancy.
o Peak incidence: between 2 and 5 years of age, 95% occur <10 years old.
o Most common primary renal tumor of childhood o Fourth most common pediatric malignancy. o Peak incidence: between 2 and 5 years of age, 95% occur <10 years old.
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first Wilms tumor–associated gene
first Wilms tumor–associated gene
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contiguously deleted autosomal dominant gene for aniridia
contiguously deleted autosomal dominant gene for aniridia
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contiguously deleted autosomal dominant gene for aniridia
contiguously deleted autosomal dominant gene for aniridia
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Characterized by:
✓ Wilms tumor
✓ Aniridia
✓ Genitourinary anomalies
✓ Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) ▪ Individuals carry constitutional (germline) deletions of 11p13
Characterized by: ✓ Wilms tumor ✓ Aniridia ✓ Genitourinary anomalies ✓ Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) ▪ Individuals carry constitutional (germline) deletions of 11p13
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Characterized by:
✓ Wilms tumor
✓ Aniridia
✓ Genitourinary anomalies
✓ Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) ▪ Individuals carry constitutional (germline) deletions of 11p13
Characterized by: ✓ Wilms tumor ✓ Aniridia ✓ Genitourinary anomalies ✓ Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) ▪ Individuals carry constitutional (germline) deletions of 11p13
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Characterized by:
✓ gonadal dysgenesis (male pseudohermaphroditism)
✓ early-onset nephropathy leading to renal failure
▪ Demonstrate germline abnormalities in WT1 involving bi-allelic inactivation
Characterized by: ✓ gonadal dysgenesis (male pseudohermaphroditism) ✓ early-onset nephropathy leading to renal failure ▪ Demonstrate germline abnormalities in WT1 involving bi-allelic inactivation
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Characterized by:
✓ gonadal dysgenesis (male pseudohermaphroditism)
✓ early-onset nephropathy leading to renal failure
▪ Demonstrate germline abnormalities in WT1 involving bi-allelic inactivation
Characterized by: ✓ gonadal dysgenesis (male pseudohermaphroditism) ✓ early-onset nephropathy leading to renal failure ▪ Demonstrate germline abnormalities in WT1 involving bi-allelic inactivation
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Characterized by enlargement of body organs (organomegaly)
✓ Macroglossia
✓ Hemihypertrophy
✓ Omphalocele
✓ Abnormal large cells in the adrenal cortex (adrenal cytomegaly)
▪ Localized to band 11p15.5 (so-called WT2 locus), distal to the WT1 locus.
Characterized by enlargement of body organs (organomegaly) ✓ Macroglossia ✓ Hemihypertrophy ✓ Omphalocele ✓ Abnormal large cells in the adrenal cortex (adrenal cytomegaly) ▪ Localized to band 11p15.5 (so-called WT2 locus), distal to the WT1 locus.
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IGF2 protein
IGF2 protein
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➔ Gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding β-catenin (10%)
➔ Mutated genes encoding proteins involved in micro-RNA (miRNA) processing (DROSHA,
DGCR8, and DICER1) → 15% to 20%
➔ Gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding β-catenin (10%) ➔ Mutated genes encoding proteins involved in micro-RNA (miRNA) processing (DROSHA, DGCR8, and DICER1) → 15% to 20%
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➔ Gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding β-catenin (10%)
➔ Mutated genes encoding proteins involved in micro-RNA (miRNA) processing (DROSHA,
DGCR8, and DICER1) → 15% to 20%
➔ Gain-of-function mutations of the gene encoding β-catenin (10%) ➔ Mutated genes encoding proteins involved in micro-RNA (miRNA) processing (DROSHA, DGCR8, and DICER1) → 15% to 20%
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➔ Involved in “mesenchymal to epithelial transformation”
➔ If absent leads to persistent blastemal “rests” → evolves to Wilms tumor
➔ Involved in “mesenchymal to epithelial transformation” ➔ If absent leads to persistent blastemal “rests” → evolves to Wilms tumor
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➔ Involved in “mesenchymal to epithelial transformation”
➔ If absent leads to persistent blastemal “rests” → evolves to Wilms tumor
➔ Involved in “mesenchymal to epithelial transformation” ➔ If absent leads to persistent blastemal “rests” → evolves to Wilms tumor
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increased risk of Wilms tumors in the contralateral kidney
increased risk of Wilms tumors in the contralateral kidney
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increased risk of Wilms tumors in the contralateral kidney
increased risk of Wilms tumors in the contralateral kidney
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