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Questions and Answers
What is defined as the time spent during a single step between heel strike of one leg and heel strike of the other leg?
What is defined as the time spent during a single step between heel strike of one leg and heel strike of the other leg?
What is the average stride length for men?
What is the average stride length for men?
Which parameter measures the horizontal linear distance between the heel of one foot and the heel of the other foot?
Which parameter measures the horizontal linear distance between the heel of one foot and the heel of the other foot?
What is the typical degree of toe out in mature adults?
What is the typical degree of toe out in mature adults?
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What is the average cadence for walking considered to be fast?
What is the average cadence for walking considered to be fast?
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What are the three fundamental tasks associated with human gait?
What are the three fundamental tasks associated with human gait?
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During which phase of gait does single limb stance occur?
During which phase of gait does single limb stance occur?
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What is the average step length for men in adults?
What is the average step length for men in adults?
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What primarily occurs during the terminal swing phase of gait?
What primarily occurs during the terminal swing phase of gait?
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Which analysis is focused on the positions and angles of body segments during motion?
Which analysis is focused on the positions and angles of body segments during motion?
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Study Notes
Functional Gait Tasks
- Weight acceptance during initial contact and loading response.
- Single limb support at midstance, when balance is most precarious.
- Limb advancement during terminal stance and preswing, providing propulsive forces.
Gait Analysis
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Kinematics: The science of motion during walking.
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Distance and time variables:
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Step length: Distance between initial contact of one foot to the opposite foot.
- Average step length in adults: 64 cm (women), 73 cm (men), 70.5 cm (overall).
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Stride length: Distance between two successive foot contacts of the same limb.
- Average stride length: 128 cm (women), 146 cm (men), 141 cm (overall).
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Stride width: Horizontal distance between the midpoints of both heels.
- Typical range for adults: 2.5 to 12.5 cm, averaging 8 cm.
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Degree of toe out: Angle between the foot's line of progression and a line from the heel to the second toe.
- Typical for adults: 7 degrees.
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Step length: Distance between initial contact of one foot to the opposite foot.
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Time variables:
- Step time: Time spent during a single step.
- Stride time: Time between successive foot contacts of the same foot.
- Stance time: Time spent during the stance phase.
- Swing time: Time when the foot is not in contact with the ground.
- Single limb time: Time when only one limb is in contact with the ground.
- Double limb time: Time when both feet are on the ground.
- Swing/stance ratio: Ratio of swing time to stance time.
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Cadence: Number of steps per minute.
- Slow: 60-70 steps/min, Medium: 80-90 steps/min, Fast: 120 steps/min.
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Speed: Distance traveled per unit time.
- Average speed for men: 89 meters/min, for women: 74 meters/min.
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Distance and time variables:
Joint Kinematics
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Sagittal Plane:
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Pelvis:
- Remains relatively level during gait, with a small anterior-posterior tilt excursion (about 3°).
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Hip joint:
- Moves through 40° of sagittal motion in a single gait cycle.
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Stance phase:
- Starts at 25-30° flexion at initial contact and progresses into extension.
- Reaches maximum hyperextension (10°) at terminal stance due to forward trunk movement.
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Swing phase:
- Starts near neutral and progresses into flexion.
- Reaches peak flexion (slightly over 30°) at midswing.
- Clinical Note: Excessive pelvic tilting can increase stress on the lumbar spine, potentially leading to low back pain.
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Pelvis:
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Description
Explore the intricate components of functional gait tasks such as weight acceptance, single limb support, and limb advancement. This quiz delves into kinematics, examining key variables like step length, stride length, and stride width critical to understanding walking mechanics.
