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• Defense is protecting a country from armed threats.
• Defense does not apply to natural disasters.
• Defense includes military and organized armed forces.
• Defense policy sets objectives and priorities.

Defense Policy Decisions

• Defense budget allocation
• Recruitment policies (men and women)
• Investments in cyber, naval, air forces etc
• Defense policy reflects national security strategy and changes with the threat landscape.
• Deterrence discourages enemies via strength.
• Prevention/Denial stops attacks before they happen.
• Response reacts to attacks effectively when deterrence/prevention fails.
• Military organization requires integration of navy, air force, army, and cyber defense.
• Military organizations need alliances to boost defense.

Key Topics for Study

• Military strategy has levels and definitions, and is different from warfare and doctrine.
• Generations of warfare includes historical, modern, 21st, and 25th-century analysis, including cyber and autonomous weapons.
• The utility of force includes justification, rationale, implications, and use in military interventions.
• The laws of armed conflict includes legal frameworks governing the use of force in battle.
• Emerging threats include cybersecurity and biological weapons, which require strategic consideration.
• National security and alliances include the role of alliances in defense policy and resource allocation for strategic partnerships.

Real-World Examples and Applications

• National security strategy is exemplified by UAE's defense policy against Iran and Houthi threats, and investments in alliances and advanced military equipment such as F-35s.
• Dynamic changes in defense policy are exemplified by the USA shifting defense priorities from Russia to China and budget allocation adapting to threats.
• Alliances and collaboration is exemplified by the UAE using American and French naval bases for strategic patrols.

Key terms to memorize

• Doctrine
• Deterrence
• Strategy
• National security
• Cyber Defense
• Alliances
• Defense Policy
• Generations of War

Study Tips

• Memorize key definitions and concepts.
• Understand the sequence of defense actions (Deter → Prevent → Respond).
• Relate theoretical knowledge to real-world applications (UAE's defense strategy).
• Prepare for assessments by practicing essay writing and oral presentations.

Diplomacy and Soft Power

• Soft power is influence through culture, products, and global appeal.
• Japan uses sushi and anime to enhance its global image.
• The U.S. uses brands, entertainment, and financial systems to maintain influence.
• Pakistan, despite its historical significance, is associated with conflict/terrorism which affects its global perception.

Historical and Global Context

• Post-WWII limitations on Japan and Germany restricted military development via postwar agreements.
• Both countries focus on soft power and economic influence.
• WWII was the most destructive conflict in human history, which shaped modern international relations and deterrence policies.

Levels of Analysis in Conflict

• Strategic level is directed by the Minister of Defense and Supreme Commander (e.g., President), planning wars and setting long-term objectives.
• Operational level is managed by generals, coordinating military branches/resources for specific regions.
• Tactical level is handled by field officers, executing battles and sieges.

Deterrence vs. Compellence

• Deterrence means preventing an action by threatening retaliation
• Compellence means forcing an action by threatening consequences.

Deterrence and Compellence Methods

• Denial means destroying or denying military assets such as targeting missile factories in Yemen
• Punishment means inflicting pain on the enemy including civilians causing a compromise.

Modern Security Challenges

• Cyber threats make critical infrastructure vulnerable.
• Proxy wars involve indirect involvement by major powers that are supporting opposing factions.
• Economic sanctions punish civilian populations to pressure governments.

Case Studies

• Russia is using punishment (targeting civilians) and compellence (forcing Ukraine to accept terms) in the Ukraine-Russia conflict.
• China is influencing global dynamics and the rise of soft power.

Exam Focus Areas

• Levels of analysis (strategic, operational, tactical).
• Differences between deterrence and compellence.
• The role of soft power and sanctions in homeland security.
• Case studies, such as Ukraine-Russia or Iran.

Military Doctrine and Strategy

• Doctrine determines a country's weapon investments and war strategies.

U.S. and Russian military strategies differ

• The U.S. destroys enemy defenses first (air/naval strikes), then advances
• The Russian approach uses artillery and missile bombardments first, then infantry attack.

Russian Military Weaknesses

• Has weak airports and logistics
• High casualties due to a lack of proper training and strategy.
• Is too reliant on artillery and missiles before ground forces move in.
• Has a limited ability to counter advanced air defense systems.

U.S. Military Strategy

• Focuses on suppressing enemy air defenses before launching major ground operations.
• Uses precision strikes from the air and navy before sending in troops.
• Minimizes casualties through extensive planning and technological superiority.

Centers of Gravity in Warfare

• Military Forces, destroying the enemy's army
• Capital City, capturing political control
• Political Leadership, removing or neutralizing key leaders.

Historical Examples

• Napoleon & Russia (1812): Capturing Moscow didn't lead to surrender.
• Russia & Ukraine (2022): Russia failed to capture Kyiv, prolonging the war.

War Defined

• A high-intensity conflict between professional militaries.
• Is not terrorism, gang violence, or peacekeeping operations.

Examples of what is not war

• Terrorism
• Gang violence
• Piracy

Elements of Warfare

• Clausewitz's “Trinity of War” consists of government (rational thinking), military (strategy & instinct), and people (emotion & morale).
• In the Vietnam War, anti-war protests led to U.S. withdrawal despite the military success.

Hybrid Warfare

• Modern war uses more than just military power and includes diplomatic pressure (forming alliances) plus information warfare (spreading propaganda).
• Examples of diplomatic pressure - Russia with China
• Example of information warfare - Russia labeling Ukraine as "Nazi"
• Economic Warfare: Sanctions, trade restrictions
• Cyber Warfare: Attacking critical infrastructure.

China-Taiwan Conflict Strategy

• Diplomatic - Secure Russian support in the UN.
• Information Warfare - Justify invasion by claiming Taiwan is historically Chinese.
• Economic Leverage - Restrict exports to pressure Western countries.
• Military Threats - Deploy navy and missile systems as deterrents.

U.S. Conduct in War

• Destroy’s enemy defenses first with air or naval strikes.
• Then attacks ground targets (artillery & infantry).
• Minimizes U.S. casualties before full-scale invasion.

Russia Conduct in War

• Uses massive artillery & missile strikes first.
• Rushes infantry forward.
• Experiences high casualties due to a lack of air superiority.

Key Theories in Military Strategy

• Fog of war means there is uncertainty in warfare
• Friction of war mean is unpredictability.
• End, ways, and means theory includes objectives, methods, and resources.

Military Strategy Models

• Anglo-American Model*
• Identify the objective (Ends).
• Decide how to achieve it (Ways).
• Determine resources needed (Means).
• Japanese Model*
• Means first, then strategy.
• Japan needed land & resources, so it built a strong army & navy.
• Expansion led to unintended empire-building.
• Prussian/German Model*
• The army comes first; expansion happens naturally.
• Example: Prussia (Germany) grew through war and conquest.

Homeland Security & Future Threats

• Technology & intelligence play a crucial role in modern warfare.
• Public opinion can determine the success or failure of military campaigns.
• Military strategies evolve, but historical patterns repeat.
• The balance of power, alliances, and economic strength dictates success in war.

Assessments

• 20% Multiple-choice & true/false questions.
• 50% Short-answer questions (understanding key concepts).

Tips for a Final Excellent

• Refer to class discussions.
• Always understand rather than memorise.
• Go through case studies.

Intro to Homeland Security

• Homeland Security protects a nation from internal and external threats.
• Homeland Security involves multiple agencies/services including military, intelligence, law enforcement, and emergency services.
• Homeland Security includes disaster response, cybersecurity, and critical infrastructure protection along with counter terrorism.

Key Concepts in War and Security

• Fog of War is the uncertainty in situational awareness during combat.
• Friction of War is the unpredictability of how an enemy will react.
• Ends, Ways, Means is a strategic model used to plan operations.

Factors Influencing War and Security Decisions

• Political Will: Leaders must commit to war
• Public Expectations: Civilian support
• Morality & Ethics: Justification
• International Pressure: Diplomatic or economic sactions

Generations of Warfare

• First Generation is mass manpower
• Second is mass firepower
• Third is maneuver warfare
• Fourth is attrition of will
• Fifth is technology based warfare and media influence

Challenges in Modern Warfare

• Urban Warfare increases civilian casualties
• Media & Public Scrutiny monitors actions globally
• Terrorist & Rebel Tactics uses hospitals for hiding
• Cybersecurity: Hacking creates warfare

Logistics in War

• Provide food, ammo, and shelter for troop morale

Surprise Attacks

• Tactical Surprise is catching one off guard
• Strategic Surprise is unexpexcted attacks or invasion of the homeland

Media in Security

• Live media affects military action, decisions, and the backlash that follows

Evolution of Military Strategy

• Direct combat is now indirect (remote) methods
• Joint Operations needs land, sea, and air support

War must use

• Surveillance and attack precision thanks to drones.