Biology - Health and Disease
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Questions and Answers

State the specific definition of 'Health'.

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

What does 'correlation' mean?

  • A relationship or connection between two or more things (correct)
  • A method of experimentation
  • A statistical anomaly
  • An unrelated occurrence

    • What does 'causation' mean?

  • When one thing causes or influences a change in another (correct)
  • When two things occur simultaneously but are not related
  • When an outcome does not depend on a factor
  • When a correlation exists without an influence

    • In relation to disease correlation, What three factors, from having a disease can make it easier for pathogens to infect you? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Damages your natural defences and barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having one disease can make it less likely for a person to develop another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with ___ disease are more likely to suffer from heart disease. In this case bleeding gums allows ______ to enter.

    <p>gum, pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'disease'?

    <p>A problem with a structure or process in the body not caused by injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct features of communicable diseases: (Select all that apply)

    <p>You can catch them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct possible causes of non-communicable diseases: (Select all that apply)

    <p>A problem in body systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of disease with their correct definition:

    <p>Communicable diseases = You can catch them and they are caused by pathogens Non-communicable diseases = Caused by a problem in body systems, genes or lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathogens are - organisms that can be passed from one organism to another. These include ______, ______, ______ and ____.

    <p>disease-causing, bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pathogens?

    <p>Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can be passed from one organism to another, including bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key words with their definitions:

    <p>Health = A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Disease = A problem with a structure or process in the body not caused by injury Pathogen = Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can be passed from one organism to another, including bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi. Malnutrition = Health problems caused by a diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key words with their definitions:

    <p>Communicable diseases = You can catch them and they are caused by pathogens Non-communicable diseases = Caused by a problem in body systems, genes or lifestyle Correlation = A relationship or connection between two or more things Causation = When one thing causes or influences a change in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the method of airborne spreading of pathogens?

    <p>Droplets from sneezing or coughing inhaled (some float in air)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the method of airborne spreading of pathogens.

    <p>Droplets from sneezing or coughing inhaled (some float in air).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of contamination with an example:

    <p>Contamination of water = by fecal matter (e.g. poor sanitation leading to cholera) Contamination of food = by poor personal hygiene or flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the method of the oral route spreading pathogens?

    <p>Pathogens in the digestive system enter the body by consuming contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the method of the oral route spreading pathogens.

    <p>Pathogens in the digestive system enter the body by consuming contaminated food and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the method of contagion spreading pathogens?

    <p>Contact with an infected person/bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the method of contagion spreading pathogens.

    <p>Contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the method of vectors spreading pathogens?

    <p>Organisms that carry pathogens from one infected host to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the method of vectors spreading pathogens.

    <p>Organisms that carry pathogens from one infected host to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do STIs stand for?

    <p>Sexually Transmitted Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    STIs are carried in bodily fluids such as _____ and ______ fluid.

    <p>semen, vaginal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Other than bodily fluids, HIV can also be spread by using dirty needles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State the 2 main methods of how STIs can be prevented.

    <p>Using barrier methods of contraception and abstaining from sexual activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many who are infected by STIs have no symptoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Untreated STIs may spread to other parts of the body and cause - problems. They can be treated with ________.

    <p>long-term, antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogen causes the STI Chlamydia?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia is often symptomless, but if there are symptoms, they could be...

    <p>Pelvic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathogen causes the STI, HIV?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can having HIV mean?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to other infections, severe illness or death if untreated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statements made about the STI, HIV. (Select all that apply)

    <p>Doesn't cause illness directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are physical barriers to infection?

    <p>They prevent entry of pathogens or 'trap' them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name three physical barriers of infection.

    <p>Skin, hairs, mucus and ciliated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples of physical barriers with what they do:

    <p>Skin = Protective layer and is the largest organ in the body Epidermis = Prevents pathogens from entering the bloodstream and infecting the organism Nose hairs = Trap particles Mucus = Pathogens stick to this sticky substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of the physical barrier: mucus and ciliated cells.

    <p>Mucus is a sticky substance produced by multiple organ systems. Pathogens stick to the mucus which lines the air ways. Mucus is then wafted up the trachea by the action of cilia to be swallowed by the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chemical barriers to infection?

    <p>Substances produced by the body that kill or make pathogens inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name three chemical barriers of infection.

    <p>Hydrochloric acid, lysozyme, phagocytosis by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the barriers of infection with their descriptions

    <p>Hydrochloric acid = Produced in the stomach - pH 2 Lysozyme = Found in tears, mucus, and saliva Phagocytosis by phagocytes = A type of white blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the barriers of infection with their descriptions:

    <p>Hydrochloric acid = Denatures proteins of pathogens Lysozyme = Kills bacteria by digesting their cell walls Phagocytosis by phagocytes = They engulf/destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the primary immune response, the pathogens ______ cause antibodies to be produced by lymphocytes. The ________ bind to the antigens on the pathogens. This helps to _____ the pathogen. Lastly, ______ lymphocytes are also made and begin to ____.

    <p>antigens, antibodies, destroy, memory, clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe and explain the primary immune response.

    <p>In the primary immune response, the pathogens antigens cause antibiotics to be produced by lymphocytes. The antibodies bind to the antigens on the pathogens. This helps to destroy the pathogen. Lastly, memory lymphocytes are also made and begin to clone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the memory lymphocites come across the same _______ they will quickly change into lymphocites and produce a large amount of ______ very quickly. This will _____ the pathogen. This means that if you are exposed to the same pathogen again you should not suffer from the disease again. This is called the ________ ______ _______.

    <p>pathogen, antibody, destroy, secondary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe and explain the primary and secondary immune response.

    <p>In the primary immune response, the pathogens antigens cause antibiotics to be produced by lymphocytes. The antibodies bind to the antigens on the pathogens. This helps to destroy the pathogen. Lastly, memory lymphocytes are also made and begin to clone. In the secondary immune responseis when the memory lymphocites come across the same pathogen and quickly change into lymphocites and produce a large amount of antibody very quickly. This will destroy the pathogen. This means that if you are exposed to the same pathogen again you should not suffer from the disease again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1. Immunisation starts off with the infection of a ______.
    2. The immune system recognises these ___ ___ antigens.
    3. _________ recognise these.
    4. Antibodies on the surface of the lymphocites bind onto ______.
    5. -_____ are activated.
    6. They start to clone making lots of _______.
    7. They may attack, immobilise, neutralise or ____ the pathogen.
    8. The primary response then takes place where the antibodies do take time and you will get ill and show _______.
    9. The secondary response triggers the production of ______ lymphocites where they can stay in the body forever.

    <p>pathogen, 'non-self', Lymphocytes, antigens, B-lymphocytes, antibodies, label, symptoms, memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe and explain the process of immunisation.

    <p>Immunisation starts off with the infection of a pathogen. The immune system recognises these 'non-self' antigens. Lymphocites recognise these. Antibodies on the surface of the lymphocites bind onto antigens. B-lymphocites are activated. They start to clone making lots of antibodies. They may attack, immobilise, neutralise or label the pathogen. The primary response then takes place where the antibodies do take time and you will get ill and show symptoms. The secondary response triggers the production of memory lymphocites where they can stary in the body forever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key terms relating to immunisation with their definitions:

    <p>Antigens = Molecules on the surface of cells and viruses Antibodies = On the surface of lymphocytes or blood and bind to specific antigens B-lymphocytes = White blood cells that can recognise antigens Memory lymphocytes = They stay in the body forever and trigger rapid antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immunisation response with the correct definition:

    <p>Primary response = Production of antigens while the overcoming of the pathogens take time Secondary response = Triggers the production of memory lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct order of the steps of vaccination:

    <p>1 = A weakened version of the pathogen is identified or genetically modified 2 = This is given to the person to be vaccinated (normally by injection) 3 = The person's immune system responds - their body notices antigens (foreign proteins) on the pathogens 4 = White blood cells (lymphocytes) then produce antibodies which destroy the pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe and explain the steps of vaccination.

    <p>A weakened version of the pathogen is identified or genetically modified. This is given to the person to be vaccinated (normally by injection). The person's immune system responds - their body notices antigens (foreign proteins) on the pathogens. White blood cells (lymphocytes) then produce antibodies which destroy the pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibiotics?

    <p>A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathogen do antibiotics not work on?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics cause bacteria to ____ open (lyse) or prevent them from ______.

    <p>burst, dividing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you are given an antibiotic almost all the bacteria are _____. However, the ones that survive are likey to have a ______ that makes them antibiotic resistant. These bacteria survive and _______, passing on the _____ for antibiotic resistance. Overtime the bacteria become even more _______ over many generations (evolution). The antibiotic resistant bacteria may pass on to another person. This person will therefore have an ______ that is resistant to the original antibiotic. A _______ antibiotic will then have to be used in order to kill the bacteria. This process is called antibiotic _______

    <p>killed, mutation, reproduce, allele, resistant, infection, different, resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can you describe and explain the process of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>When you are given an antibiotic almost all the bacteria are killed. However, the ones that survive are likey to have a mutation that makes them antibiotic resistant. These bacteria survive and reproduce, passing on the allele for antibiotic resistance. Overtime the bacteria become even more resistant over many generations (evolution). The antibiotic resistant bacteria may pass on to another person. This person will therefore have an infection, that is resistant to the original antibiotic. A different antibiotic will then have to be used in order to kill the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct ways of preventing antibiotic resistance. (Select all that apply)

    <p>Only use antibiotics when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you always finish a course of antibiotics?

    <p>So that all the bacteria are killed meaning that all the susceptible bacteria will be killed and the few that may have a resistance allele will be destroyed by the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of how new medices are developed: First created in a ___, tested on cells and tissues, tested on _____, tested on small group of healthy volunteers, tested on larger groups of patients suffering from the ______, tested on ______ of patients suffering, Larger scale double blind trial, Drug is decided whether it is ______ or not.

    <p>lab, animals, disease, hundreds, approved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of how new medices are developed: First created in a lab, tested on ___ and tissues, tested on animals, tested on a small group of _____ volunteers, tested on _____ groups of patients suffering from the disease, tested on hundreds of patients suffering, Larger scale double ____ trial, Drug is decided whether it is approved or not.

    <p>cells, healthy, larger, blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is malnutrition?

    <p>A diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you consume too much food undernutrition or overnutrition for your energy requirements it can lead to _______.

    <p>malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is malnutrition?

    <p>A diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the factors that can affect the likelihood of developing non-communicable diseases. (Select all that apply)

    <p>High dietary intake of saturated fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the factors that can affect the likelihood of developing communicable diseases. (Select all that apply)

    <p>Communities with a high level of smoking, drinking and obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People who drink large amounts over time may suffer from long-term organ damage, especially the _____.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1. Cigarette smoke contains harmful ______.
    2. These are absorbed from the _____ into the blood.
    3. These chemicals can damage blood ______.
    4. They can _____ blood vessels.
    5. They can increase blood ______.
    6. They can lead to _____ clots forming.

    <p>chemicals, lungs, vessels, narrow, pressure, blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nutrient/vitamin with the deficiency disease caused by a lack of it:

    <p>Protein = Kwashiorkor Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin D/Calcium = Rickets Iron = Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the deficiency disease with their symptoms:

    <p>Kwashiorkor = Enlarged belly Scurvy = Swelling/bleeding gums Rickets = Curved leg bones Anemia = Red blood cell number reduced/get smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

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