Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what does health encompass?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what does health encompass?
- Physical fitness only
- Complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
- Absence of disease
- Mental well-being only
What is a disease defined as?
What is a disease defined as?
- A state of being mentally fit
- Perfect health
- Any physical or functional change from a normal state causing discomfort or disability (correct)
- A state of well-being
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause diseases?
- Balanced diet (correct)
- Infection by microorganisms
- Malfunctioning of vital body organs
- Allergic reactions
What type of disease can spread from one person to another?
What type of disease can spread from one person to another?
Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?
Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?
What is the term for disease-causing germs?
What is the term for disease-causing germs?
What are organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another called?
What are organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another called?
Which disease is NOT typically transmitted through the air?
Which disease is NOT typically transmitted through the air?
What is a common symptom of malaria?
What is a common symptom of malaria?
Which of these diseases is spread by mosquitoes?
Which of these diseases is spread by mosquitoes?
What is a common cause of deficiency diseases in developing countries?
What is a common cause of deficiency diseases in developing countries?
Which nutrient deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor?
Which nutrient deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor?
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?
Goitre is associated with the deficiency of which mineral?
Goitre is associated with the deficiency of which mineral?
What hormone is not sufficiently produced in people with diabetes?
What hormone is not sufficiently produced in people with diabetes?
What is the normal body temperature of an adult?
What is the normal body temperature of an adult?
What is the term for substances that cause allergies?
What is the term for substances that cause allergies?
What is a vaccine designed to do?
What is a vaccine designed to do?
Which of the following is the most important for maintaining personal hygiene?
Which of the following is the most important for maintaining personal hygiene?
What is the sticky layer of saliva, food particles, and bacteria that forms on teeth called?
What is the sticky layer of saliva, food particles, and bacteria that forms on teeth called?
Why is excessive clearing of forests (deforestation) a concern in the context of community hygiene?
Why is excessive clearing of forests (deforestation) a concern in the context of community hygiene?
How does atherosclerosis contribute to the development of heart diseases?
How does atherosclerosis contribute to the development of heart diseases?
What is the role of antibodies produced after vaccination?
What is the role of antibodies produced after vaccination?
How does fever indicate an infection in the human body?
How does fever indicate an infection in the human body?
What is the primary reason for advising people to avoid eating processed or polished foods like polished rice and wheat flour?
What is the primary reason for advising people to avoid eating processed or polished foods like polished rice and wheat flour?
Why is it important to avoid walking barefoot?
Why is it important to avoid walking barefoot?
How does consuming fibrous foods like raw vegetables contribute to oral hygiene?
How does consuming fibrous foods like raw vegetables contribute to oral hygiene?
What is the main purpose of sewage treatment plants in maintaining community hygiene?
What is the main purpose of sewage treatment plants in maintaining community hygiene?
How does diabetes mellitus develop due to the malfunctioning of the pancreas?
How does diabetes mellitus develop due to the malfunctioning of the pancreas?
What is the significance of the 'National Pulse Polio Programme' in the context of communicable diseases?
What is the significance of the 'National Pulse Polio Programme' in the context of communicable diseases?
How can chlorination make water safe for drinking?
How can chlorination make water safe for drinking?
What is the importance of disposing of waste food material and garbage properly in maintaining personal hygiene?
What is the importance of disposing of waste food material and garbage properly in maintaining personal hygiene?
What is the underlying cause of deficiency diseases as a major health issue in developing countries?
What is the underlying cause of deficiency diseases as a major health issue in developing countries?
How does the accumulation of waste products due to kidney failure lead to a condition called uremia?
How does the accumulation of waste products due to kidney failure lead to a condition called uremia?
What is the underlying mechanism of allergic reactions in the human body?
What is the underlying mechanism of allergic reactions in the human body?
How do droplet infections spread communicable diseases?
How do droplet infections spread communicable diseases?
What is the role of community hygiene in controlling and preventing communicable diseases?
What is the role of community hygiene in controlling and preventing communicable diseases?
How does massaging the scalp regularly promote good hair growth?
How does massaging the scalp regularly promote good hair growth?
Which of the following best describes the function of alum in water purification?
Which of the following best describes the function of alum in water purification?
How does Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) affect children's health?
How does Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) affect children's health?
Why does public health emphasize the importance of proper waste disposal and sewage treatment?
Why does public health emphasize the importance of proper waste disposal and sewage treatment?
How does the disruption of gut flora from antibiotic use potentially compromise health?
How does the disruption of gut flora from antibiotic use potentially compromise health?
In the context of community hygiene, why is it essential to manage stagnant water effectively?
In the context of community hygiene, why is it essential to manage stagnant water effectively?
What makes the overuse of antibiotics a significant community health concern?
What makes the overuse of antibiotics a significant community health concern?
Why is understanding the concept of 'vectors' important in preventing communicable diseases?
Why is understanding the concept of 'vectors' important in preventing communicable diseases?
How might climate change exacerbate challenges in maintaining community hygiene and preventing disease?
How might climate change exacerbate challenges in maintaining community hygiene and preventing disease?
Why is iron deficiency a widespread concern, particularly among women and children in many regions?
Why is iron deficiency a widespread concern, particularly among women and children in many regions?
What is the primary mechanism by which vaccines provide immunity against diseases?
What is the primary mechanism by which vaccines provide immunity against diseases?
How do lifestyle choices, such as chronic stress, contribute to the development of non-communicable diseases?
How do lifestyle choices, such as chronic stress, contribute to the development of non-communicable diseases?
Why is it important for individuals with diabetes to adhere to a strict dietary plan and monitor their blood sugar levels regularly?
Why is it important for individuals with diabetes to adhere to a strict dietary plan and monitor their blood sugar levels regularly?
Health is merely the absence of disease.
Health is merely the absence of disease.
A disease is any physical or functional change in the body from a normal state causing discomfort.
A disease is any physical or functional change in the body from a normal state causing discomfort.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Non-infectious diseases can spread from one person to another.
Non-infectious diseases can spread from one person to another.
Vectors are organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another without getting infected themselves.
Vectors are organisms that carry pathogens from one host to another without getting infected themselves.
Tuberculosis is typically transmitted through contaminated food.
Tuberculosis is typically transmitted through contaminated food.
Cholera is caused by bacteria and can be transmitted through contaminated food, or water.
Cholera is caused by bacteria and can be transmitted through contaminated food, or water.
Rabies is caused by a bacteria which is contracted via a mosquito bite.
Rabies is caused by a bacteria which is contracted via a mosquito bite.
Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency in carbohydrates.
Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency in carbohydrates.
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C.
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C.
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B.
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B.
Goitre results from an iodine deficiency.
Goitre results from an iodine deficiency.
Diabetes is caused by the pancreas producing too much insulin.
Diabetes is caused by the pancreas producing too much insulin.
Fever is always caused by a virus.
Fever is always caused by a virus.
Hay fever is an example of an allergy.
Hay fever is an example of an allergy.
Health, as defined by WHO, is solely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health, as defined by WHO, is solely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Diseases can only occur due to infection by microorganisms.
Diseases can only occur due to infection by microorganisms.
Non-infectious diseases such as rickets can be spread from one person to another through close contact.
Non-infectious diseases such as rickets can be spread from one person to another through close contact.
Droplet infection, a form of direct transmission, is responsible for spreading diseases such as leprosy through skin contact.
Droplet infection, a form of direct transmission, is responsible for spreading diseases such as leprosy through skin contact.
Vectors are organisms that cause disease themselves, such as certain types of bacteria.
Vectors are organisms that cause disease themselves, such as certain types of bacteria.
Cholera can be prevented by the DPT vaccine.
Cholera can be prevented by the DPT vaccine.
Tuberculosis is caused by protozoa.
Tuberculosis is caused by protozoa.
Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a deficiency in both proteins and carbohydrates.
Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a deficiency in both proteins and carbohydrates.
Marasmus is characterized by swollen legs and a protruding belly.
Marasmus is characterized by swollen legs and a protruding belly.
Goitre, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is caused by a deficiency in iron.
Goitre, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is caused by a deficiency in iron.
Polished rice and wheat flour are nutritionally superior choices because processing enhances their vitamin content.
Polished rice and wheat flour are nutritionally superior choices because processing enhances their vitamin content.
Atherosclerosis involves the inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
Atherosclerosis involves the inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
Uremia is a condition where the body temperature rises above the normal temperature.
Uremia is a condition where the body temperature rises above the normal temperature.
Vaccines contain allergens that trigger an immune response, providing protection against future allergic reactions.
Vaccines contain allergens that trigger an immune response, providing protection against future allergic reactions.
[Blank] is a state of well-being and not merely the absence of a disease.
[Blank] is a state of well-being and not merely the absence of a disease.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined health as a state of complete physical, ______ and social well-being.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined health as a state of complete physical, ______ and social well-being.
A ______ or illness occurs when the body or any of its parts is not working properly.
A ______ or illness occurs when the body or any of its parts is not working properly.
[Blank] diseases can spread from one person to another.
[Blank] diseases can spread from one person to another.
Disease causing germs (microorganisms) are called ______.
Disease causing germs (microorganisms) are called ______.
[Blank] are organisms which carry pathogens from a source of infection without getting infected themselves.
[Blank] are organisms which carry pathogens from a source of infection without getting infected themselves.
[Blank] food and water transmits diseases like acute diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, polio, hepatitis A and food poisoning.
[Blank] food and water transmits diseases like acute diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, polio, hepatitis A and food poisoning.
Diseases caused by a deficiency of nutrients are called ______ diseases.
Diseases caused by a deficiency of nutrients are called ______ diseases.
[Blank] are body-building foods and a serious disease like kwashiorkor develops in children if they are not sufficient in their diet.
[Blank] are body-building foods and a serious disease like kwashiorkor develops in children if they are not sufficient in their diet.
Deficiency of vitamin A causes ______.
Deficiency of vitamin A causes ______.
Deficiency of ______ causes goitre.
Deficiency of ______ causes goitre.
The common symptom of an infection in the human body is ______.
The common symptom of an infection in the human body is ______.
[Blank] is a method to protect the body against diseases with use of a vaccine.
[Blank] is a method to protect the body against diseases with use of a vaccine.
[Blank] is defined as the science of health and the prevention of diseases.
[Blank] is defined as the science of health and the prevention of diseases.
[Blank] is a state of well-being and not merely the absence of disease, encompassing physical, mental, and social dimensions.
[Blank] is a state of well-being and not merely the absence of disease, encompassing physical, mental, and social dimensions.
Diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies, such as Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, can arise from imbalances in the intake of proteins, carbohydrates, ______, and minerals.
Diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies, such as Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, can arise from imbalances in the intake of proteins, carbohydrates, ______, and minerals.
[Blank] diseases are caused by microorganisms and can spread from one person to another, while non-infectious diseases do not spread and are not caused by microorganisms.
[Blank] diseases are caused by microorganisms and can spread from one person to another, while non-infectious diseases do not spread and are not caused by microorganisms.
[Blank] transmission of communicable diseases can occur through direct contact, droplet infection, contact with soil, or entry through the skin.
[Blank] transmission of communicable diseases can occur through direct contact, droplet infection, contact with soil, or entry through the skin.
[Blank], which carry pathogens from a source of infection to a susceptible individual, play a crucial role in the transmission of diseases like malaria.
[Blank], which carry pathogens from a source of infection to a susceptible individual, play a crucial role in the transmission of diseases like malaria.
Deficiency of sufficient ______ in the diet leads to body weakness and loss of stamina.
Deficiency of sufficient ______ in the diet leads to body weakness and loss of stamina.
[Blank] Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a term used to describe diet which lack proteins and energy-giving carbohydrates. Diseases caused by PEM are common among children.
[Blank] Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a term used to describe diet which lack proteins and energy-giving carbohydrates. Diseases caused by PEM are common among children.
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin ______, while scurvy results from a deficiency in Vitamin C.
Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin ______, while scurvy results from a deficiency in Vitamin C.
Fragile bones and teeth can be caused by a deficiencies in ______.
Fragile bones and teeth can be caused by a deficiencies in ______.
The islet of Langerhans in the ______ produces the hormone insulin, which is essential for balancing sugar levels in the body.
The islet of Langerhans in the ______ produces the hormone insulin, which is essential for balancing sugar levels in the body.
In ______, the arterial walls get hardened and thickened thus, reducing the flow of blood in body.
In ______, the arterial walls get hardened and thickened thus, reducing the flow of blood in body.
[Blank] is a disease of joints characterized by the inflammation of joints.
[Blank] is a disease of joints characterized by the inflammation of joints.
[Blank] is an excessive sensitivity of the human body to some substances, which are quite harmless in the case of most people.
[Blank] is an excessive sensitivity of the human body to some substances, which are quite harmless in the case of most people.
A ______ is a preparation that contains weakened or killed disease-causing germ.
A ______ is a preparation that contains weakened or killed disease-causing germ.
[Blank] hygeine is mainly concerned with the care of teeth.
[Blank] hygeine is mainly concerned with the care of teeth.
What does WHO stand for?
What does WHO stand for?
What is health?
What is health?
Name one factor that can cause diseases.
Name one factor that can cause diseases.
What are diseases caused by a deficiency of nutrients called?
What are diseases caused by a deficiency of nutrients called?
Give an example of a non-communicable disease.
Give an example of a non-communicable disease.
Name one way communicable diseases can be transmitted directly.
Name one way communicable diseases can be transmitted directly.
What are disease-causing germs called?
What are disease-causing germs called?
What are organisms which carry pathogens from a source of infection called?
What are organisms which carry pathogens from a source of infection called?
Name one disease transmitted by mosquitoes.
Name one disease transmitted by mosquitoes.
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A?
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin A?
What mineral deficiency causes goitre?
What mineral deficiency causes goitre?
What is the normal temperature of an adult in Celsius?
What is the normal temperature of an adult in Celsius?
What is a substance that causes allergy called?
What is a substance that causes allergy called?
What is the method to protect the body against diseases called?
What is the method to protect the body against diseases called?
Name one aspect of personal hygiene.
Name one aspect of personal hygiene.
Explain how an individual can be disease-free but still not be considered 'healthy' according to the WHO's definition.
Explain how an individual can be disease-free but still not be considered 'healthy' according to the WHO's definition.
Differentiate between infectious and non-infectious diseases, providing an example of each and explaining why the infectious disease can spread while the non-infectious one cannot.
Differentiate between infectious and non-infectious diseases, providing an example of each and explaining why the infectious disease can spread while the non-infectious one cannot.
Describe how 'vectors' contribute to the spread of communicable diseases, providing a specific example from the text.
Describe how 'vectors' contribute to the spread of communicable diseases, providing a specific example from the text.
Explain why washing hands with soap and water is an effective method for preventing the spread of many communicable diseases. What specific types of microorganisms are targeted by this practice?
Explain why washing hands with soap and water is an effective method for preventing the spread of many communicable diseases. What specific types of microorganisms are targeted by this practice?
Explain why consuming 'processed' foods may lead to deficiency diseases, using the example of polished rice and its impact on Vitamin B1 levels.
Explain why consuming 'processed' foods may lead to deficiency diseases, using the example of polished rice and its impact on Vitamin B1 levels.
How does a vaccine protect the body from a specific disease? Briefly explain the role of antibodies in this process.
How does a vaccine protect the body from a specific disease? Briefly explain the role of antibodies in this process.
What are the key differences between 'personal hygiene' and 'community hygiene'? Give one example of each that is vital for maintaining good health.
What are the key differences between 'personal hygiene' and 'community hygiene'? Give one example of each that is vital for maintaining good health.
Explain how 'sedimentation' helps in making water safe for drinking, particularly in rural areas.
Explain how 'sedimentation' helps in making water safe for drinking, particularly in rural areas.
Describe the role of 'insulin' in the human body, and explain what happens when the pancreas malfunctions and does not produce enough of it.
Describe the role of 'insulin' in the human body, and explain what happens when the pancreas malfunctions and does not produce enough of it.
Explain how protein deficiency can lead to diseases like Kwashiorkor, and describe one key symptom that differentiates it from Marasmus.
Explain how protein deficiency can lead to diseases like Kwashiorkor, and describe one key symptom that differentiates it from Marasmus.
Explain how open drains can lead to the spread of diseases, and suggest a method to address this issue.
Explain how open drains can lead to the spread of diseases, and suggest a method to address this issue.
Describe how a dog bite can lead to rabies, and outline the steps to be taken if someone is bitten by a dog.
Describe how a dog bite can lead to rabies, and outline the steps to be taken if someone is bitten by a dog.
What is 'plaque' in the context of oral hygiene, and how does it contribute to tooth decay?
What is 'plaque' in the context of oral hygiene, and how does it contribute to tooth decay?
Explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
Explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
Describe the process of composting and explain how it contributes to community hygiene and environmental sustainability.
Describe the process of composting and explain how it contributes to community hygiene and environmental sustainability.
Explain how the excessive clearing of forests (deforestation) can negatively impact both personal and community hygiene, linking it to specific hygiene-related issues.
Explain how the excessive clearing of forests (deforestation) can negatively impact both personal and community hygiene, linking it to specific hygiene-related issues.
Contrast the mechanisms of transmission for rabies and tuberculosis. How do preventive measures differ based on their transmission routes?
Contrast the mechanisms of transmission for rabies and tuberculosis. How do preventive measures differ based on their transmission routes?
How does the body's response differ between an infectious disease caused by bacteria (e.g., cholera) and a non-infectious disease resulting from a nutritional deficiency (e.g., scurvy)?
How does the body's response differ between an infectious disease caused by bacteria (e.g., cholera) and a non-infectious disease resulting from a nutritional deficiency (e.g., scurvy)?
Considering both personal and community hygiene, explain how inadequate sanitation practices might contribute to the spread of both waterborne diseases and worm infestations.
Considering both personal and community hygiene, explain how inadequate sanitation practices might contribute to the spread of both waterborne diseases and worm infestations.
Describe the physiological role of insulin and explain how its deficiency leads to the characteristic symptoms observed in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Describe the physiological role of insulin and explain how its deficiency leads to the characteristic symptoms observed in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Critically evaluate the statement: 'Vaccination guarantees complete immunity against a disease.' Provide a nuanced explanation.
Critically evaluate the statement: 'Vaccination guarantees complete immunity against a disease.' Provide a nuanced explanation.
Explain the difference between 'allergens' and 'pathogens' in terms of their impact on human health, providing examples of diseases associated with each.
Explain the difference between 'allergens' and 'pathogens' in terms of their impact on human health, providing examples of diseases associated with each.
Outline how a deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to rickets, and what specific measures can be taken to prevent this condition, considering both dietary and environmental factors.
Outline how a deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to rickets, and what specific measures can be taken to prevent this condition, considering both dietary and environmental factors.
Why is it important to avoid eating 'processed' or 'polished' foods such as polished rice and wheat flour?
Why is it important to avoid eating 'processed' or 'polished' foods such as polished rice and wheat flour?
What are 'fomites', and how can they contribute to the spread of communicable diseases? Give some examples of fomites and explain the hygiene practices necessary to minimize their role in disease transmission.
What are 'fomites', and how can they contribute to the spread of communicable diseases? Give some examples of fomites and explain the hygiene practices necessary to minimize their role in disease transmission.
Flashcards
Health
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
Disease
Disease
Any physical or functional change in the body from its normal state, causing discomfort or disability.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Diseases that can spread from one person to another through infection by microorganisms.
Non-Infectious Diseases
Non-Infectious Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pathogens
Pathogens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vectors
Vectors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carbohydrate Deficiency
Carbohydrate Deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Night Blindness
Night Blindness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Calcium Deficiency
Calcium Deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goitre
Goitre
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diabetes
Diabetes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Arthritis
Arthritis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergy
Allergy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccination
Vaccination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hygiene
Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plaque
Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Night blindness
Night blindness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Community Hygiene
Community Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a Disease?
What is a Disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Kwashiorkor?
What is Kwashiorkor?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Marasmus?
What is Marasmus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Name some viral diseases
Name some viral diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Name some bacterial diseases
Name some bacterial diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Name some protozoal diseases
Name some protozoal diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do roundworms spread?
How do roundworms spread?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Define Direct contact
Define Direct contact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Define Droplet infection
Define Droplet infection
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are tetanus and mycosis transmitted?
How are tetanus and mycosis transmitted?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does rabies and Hepatitis B enter the body?
How does rabies and Hepatitis B enter the body?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How to prevent communicable disease?
How to prevent communicable disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does chlorination purify water?
How does chlorination purify water?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What makes water safe for drinking?
What makes water safe for drinking?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Methods for proper sanitation
Methods for proper sanitation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Deficiency Disease
Deficiency Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fomites
Fomites
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene
Personal Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Plaque
Oral Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
DPT Vaccine
DPT Vaccine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccines
Vaccines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chlorination
Chlorination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alum in Water Purification
Alum in Water Purification
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is good health?
What is good health?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Communicable Diseases
Communicable Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do maintain Personal Hygiene?
How do maintain Personal Hygiene?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Polio transmit?
How does Polio transmit?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Typhoid transmit?
How does Typhoid transmit?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How to prevent Dysentery?
How to prevent Dysentery?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How to prevent Kwashiorkor?
How to prevent Kwashiorkor?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How can Marasmus be prevented?
How can Marasmus be prevented?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Potassium Deficiency
Potassium Deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Hygiene
Oral Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why our environment has been affected?
Why our environment has been affected?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immunization
Immunization
Signup and view all the flashcards
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prevention of Communicable Diseases
Prevention of Communicable Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Cleanliness
Personal Cleanliness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Community Hygiene Practices
Community Hygiene Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uremia
Uremia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergens
Allergens
Signup and view all the flashcards
What defines Health?
What defines Health?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Direct Contact Diseases
Direct Contact Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foods to avoid for teeth
Foods to avoid for teeth
Signup and view all the flashcards
How to make Water safe ?
How to make Water safe ?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an Allergy?
What is an Allergy?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diseases Spread by Droplets
Diseases Spread by Droplets
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social Factors Causing Disease
Social Factors Causing Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alum use in purifying water
Alum use in purifying water
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proper waste disposal
Proper waste disposal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene: To avoid it
Personal Hygiene: To avoid it
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are Measles transmitted?
How are Measles transmitted?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene: Eye care
Personal Hygiene: Eye care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Marasmus Symptoms
Marasmus Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Discomfort?
What is Discomfort?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene: Nails
Personal Hygiene: Nails
Signup and view all the flashcards
Garbage Disposal
Garbage Disposal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Personal Hygiene: Hands
Personal Hygiene: Hands
Signup and view all the flashcards
Food saftey.
Food saftey.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Calcium Deficiency Diseases
Calcium Deficiency Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Potassium Deficiency Diseases
Potassium Deficiency Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phosphorus Deficiency
Phosphorus Deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sodium Deficiency Diseases
Sodium Deficiency Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluorine Deficiency Diseases
Fluorine Deficiency Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms of diebetes
Symptoms of diebetes
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Health?
What is Health?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Pathogens?
What are Pathogens?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Direct Contact?
What is Direct Contact?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Goitre?
What is Goitre?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Hygiene?
What is Hygiene?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Food Poisoning
Food Poisoning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abnormal Metabolism
Abnormal Metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is safe water important?
Why is safe water important?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dumping
Dumping
Signup and view all the flashcards
Composting
Composting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sewage Treatment Plants
Sewage Treatment Plants
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Oral Hygiene?
What is Oral Hygiene?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Eye Care?
What is Eye Care?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hair care
Hair care
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Physical Health?
What is Physical Health?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mental Health
Mental Health
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social Health
Social Health
Signup and view all the flashcards
Airborne transmission
Airborne transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Waterborne transmission
Waterborne transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foodborne transmission
Foodborne transmission
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Night Blindness?
What is Night Blindness?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water Purification with Alum
Water Purification with Alum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Health is a state of well-being, including physical, mental, and social aspects, not just the absence of disease
- Good health contributes to happiness and enables a fulfilling life
- World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a "state of complete physical, mental and social well-being"
- Feeling sick and finding surroundings dirty or polluted can make a person feel miserable
Factors Affecting Health
- Physical fitness, mental fitness and social fitness are all key aspects of a healthy person
- Diseases disrupt health and occur when the body or its parts malfunction
- Diseases are any change from a normal state causing discomfort or disability
- Diseases result from imbalance in diet
- Diseases result from infection by micro-organisms like cholera, malaria, diarrhoea and AIDS
- Diseases result from malfunctioning of vital body organs like diabetes, heart diseases and arthritis
- Diseases result from allergic reactions to substances like dust, insecticides, pollen grains
- Diseases result from unhealthy lifestyles like smoking, alcoholism, and drug addiction
Disease Causal Factors
- Nutritional deficiencies include protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral deficiencies
- Protein and carbohydrate deficiencies can cause Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
- Vitamin deficiencies can cause night blindness, scurvy, and beri-beri
- Mineral deficiencies can cause anaemia and goitre
- Microorganism infections include bacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi and worms
- Bacteria can cause pneumonia, leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, and food poisoning
- Protozoa can cause malaria and amoebiasis
- Viruses can cause poliomyelitis, measles, chickenpox, rabies, AIDS, and swine flu
- Fungi can cause food poisoning and ringworm
- Worms can cause ascariasis and filariasis
- Malfunctioning body organs can cause diabetes, heart diseases, and kidney disorders
- Environmental factors such as allergy and accumulation of gases, dust, insecticides, pesticides and pollen grains can cause asthma and hay fever
- Social factors, like smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, and unhealthy lifestyles, can cause disorders of the lungs, liver, and heart
Types of Diseases
- Infectious (communicable) diseases spread from person to person due to microorganisms, for example, cholera, diphtheria, plague, cold, malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS
- Non-infectious (non-communicable) diseases do not spread and are not caused by microorganisms
- Non-infectious diseases include nutrient deficiency diseases like rickets, goitre, marasmus and anaemia
- Non-infectious diseases also include malfunctioning of body organs like heart diseases and cancer, or fever and allergy
Communicable Diseases
- Communicable diseases are caused by microorganisms that enter the body through inhaled air
- Communicable diseases are caused by microorganisms that enter the body through contaminated drinking water and food
- Communicable diseases are caused by microorganisms that enter the body through cuts and injuries
Modes of Transmission
- Direct transmission involves direct contact, droplet infection, contact with soil, and entry through the skin
- Direct skin contact spreads leprosy, skin diseases, and eye infections like conjunctivitis
- Droplets from coughing, sneezing, speaking, and spitting spread whooping cough, tuberculosis, diphtheria, and common cold
- Contaminated soil spreads tetanus and mycosis
- Direct skin entry spreads rabies via dog bites and hepatitis B via contaminated needles
Pathogens and Vectors
- Disease-causing germs are called pathogens
- Pathogens examples include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
- Vectors are organisms that carry pathogens from a source of infection (host) without getting infected themselves
Microorganism Diseases
- Viruses can cause the common cold, with symptoms including watery eyes, nasal mucus, breathing difficulty, dry throat, and headache, transmitted through the air; prevention includes covering mouth/nose when sneezing/coughing and avoiding close contact
- Viruses can cause chickenpox, symptoms include rashes, fever, headache, and general discomfort, transmitted through the air or contact; prevention includes isolation and antiseptic washing of clothes
- Viruses can cause measles, symptoms include cold, fever, headache, and red spots (rash), transmitted through the air or contact; prevention includes vaccination
- Viruses can cause polio, symptoms include paralysis and neck stiffness, transmitted through air droplets or faeces; prevention includes vaccination
- Viruses can cause rabies, symptoms include high fever, pain, excessive salivation, fear of water (hydrophobia), and death, transmitted by infected dog bites; prevention includes dog immunisation and vaccination
- Bacteria can cause cholera, symptoms include vomiting, acute diarrhoea, dehydration, and possible death, transmitted through contaminated food and water; prevention includes proper sanitation, covered food, fly control and DPT vaccine
- Bacteria can cause tuberculosis, symptoms include coughing, chest pain, bloody sputum, and weight loss, transmitted through the air; prevention includes BCG vaccination
- Bacteria can cause typhoid, symptoms include continued fever and slow pulse, transmitted through contaminated food; prevention includes proper sanitation and fly control
- Bacteria can cause diphtheria, symptoms include slight fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulty, transmitted through the air; prevention includes DPT vaccine
- Bacteria can cause plague, symptoms include fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and vomiting, transmitted by infected fleas on rats; prevention includes proper sanitation
- Protozoa can cause malaria, symptoms include high fever, headache, shivering, and recurring fever, transmitted by mosquitoes; prevention includes mosquito repellents and oil sprays on water
- Protozoa can cause dysentery, symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, mucus, and blood in stools, transmitted through contaminated food and water; prevention includes proper sanitation and food/water protection
Worms
- Ascariasis (roundworm): Abdominal pain, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, and restlessness, transmitted through unwashed vegetables; prevention includes proper sanitation and medication
Indirect Transmission
- Transmission occurs via flies, fingers, fomites, food, and fluids
- Fomites include clothes, towels, handkerchiefs, door, etc. which could act as a potential carrier of disease-causing micro-organisms
- Contaminated food and water transmit acute diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, polio, hepatitis A, food poisoning, and intestinal parasites
- Blood transmits hepatitis B and malaria
Non-Communicable Diseases
- Non-communicable diseases are caused by: deficiency of nutrients, malfunctioning of body organs, fever and allergy
- Nutrient deficiency is mainly caused by poverty
Carbohydrate Deficiency
- Carbohydrates provide energy which is used for various body functions
- Carbohydrate deficiency causes body weakness and loss of stamina
Protein Deficiency
- Proteins are body-building foods
- Kwashiorkor develops in children with protein deficiency
- Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) describes diets lacking both proteins and carbohydrates
- PEM causes diseases like Kwashiorkor and marasmus in children
Kwashiorkor
- Kwashiorkor symptoms include protruding belly, dark/scaly skin, stunted growth, swollen legs, loss of appetite, anaemia, mental retardation, and reduced disease resistance
- Kwashiorkor prevention includes balanced diet, safe water, sanitation, supplementary foods, and immunisation
Marasmus
- Marasmus symptoms include poor muscle development, bones showing through skin, weak legs, loss of appetite, anaemia, underweight, mental retardation, and reduced disease resistance
- Marasmus prevention includes adequate carbohydrate and protein intake, fruits, vegetables, breast feeding, and immunisation
Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, sources include yellow fruits, carrots, butter, fish, milk
- Vitamin B1 deficiency causes Beri-beri, sources include eggs, whole grains, nuts, yeast, legumes
- Vitamin B2 deficiency causes skin diseases, sources include milk products, eggs, fish, meat
- Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy, sources include citrus fruits, tomatoes, sprouts
- Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets, sources include fish liver oil, eggs, butter, milk, sunlight
- Vitamin K deficiency causes Haemorrhage, sources include green vegetables, fish, eggs, cereals
Mineral Deficiency Diseases
- Calcium deficiency causes brittle bones, excessive bleeding, and stunted growth, sources include green vegetables, milk products, and eggs
- Phosphorus deficiency causes fragile bones/teeth and body weakness, sources include fish, meat, nuts, beans, milk products
- Sodium deficiency causes dehydration and body weakness, sources include table salt, green vegetables and fruits
- Potassium deficiency causes muscle weakness and paralysis, sources include fruits (banana, orange, apricot), beans, lentils
- Iron deficiency causes Anaemia, sources include banana, cereals, egg, green vegetables
- Iodine deficiency causes Goitre and abnormal metabolism, sources include table salt, sea food
- Fluorine deficiency causes tooth decay, sources include drinking water, tea, shellfish
Processed Foods
- Processing removes vitamin B1 from rice and flour
- Vitamin B1 deficiency causes Beri-beri
- Avoid processed or polished food
Malfunctioning of Body Organs
- Malfunctioning of body organs is due to age or wear and tear or inefficient working of organs with age
- Organs affected include pancreas, heart, eye lens, kidney, and bones
- Problems include diabetes, heart attacks, weak eyesight, waste accumulation, and arthritis
Diabetes
- Diabetes occurs due to pancreas malfunction, as special cells in pancreas produce insulin but may not produce enough
- Insulin balances sugar levels
- Symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue
- Management includes monitoring blood sugar and controlling sugar and carbohydrate intake
Heart Diseases
- Heart diseases include atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
- Atherosclerosis hardens and thickens arterial walls, reducing blood flow and raising blood pressure
- Coronary heart disease hardens arteries supplying heart muscles, reducing oxygen supply and causing chest pain
Arthritis
- Arthritis is the inflammation of joints
Kidney Disorders
- Kidneys excrete waste products like urea, uric acid, water, and salts
- Kidney failure causes waste products to accumulate in the blood, called uremia
Fever
- Fever is a symptom of infection where body temperature rises above normal
- Normal adult temperature is 37°C (98.6°F)
- Symptoms include pain, ache, headache, and tiredness
- High fever is accompanied by chills
- Pulse rate rises with temperature
Degenerative Diseases
- Diseases due to malfunctioning of body organs
Cataract
- Eye disease in which the lens becomes opaque in old age due to the breakdown of proteins in lens
Allergy
- Allergy is excessive sensitivity to harmless substances like dust, pollen, cosmetics, and fibres
- Examples include Asthma and hay fever
- Symptoms include rashes, itching, wheezing, and sneezing
- Management includes avoiding harmful substances and seeking medical advice
Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases
- Preventing communicable diseases includes personal and community hygiene
- Drink clean and safe water, boil water during rainy season
- Eat freshly prepared and properly stored food, protect food from flies and mosquitoes
- Avoid uncovered food and food from roadside hawkers
- Keep surroundings clean
- Use a handkerchief while sneezing or coughing
- Wash personal items of infected persons separately with hot water
- Protect from mosquito bites using nets or repellents
- Throw garbage in covered bins
- Prevent water stagnation
- Undertake vaccination
Vaccines
- Vaccination protects against diseases by administering a vaccine
- A vaccine contains weakened or killed disease-causing germs
- The vaccine stimulates antibody formation, providing immunity
- Immunization allows the body to fight infection
- Polio vaccine (OPV) is given orally through the "National Pulse Polio Programme"
Allergens
- Substances which cause allergies are called allergens
- DPT is a triple vaccine which protects against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus
Types of Vaccines
- TAB vaccine for typhoid
- Salk's vaccine for poliomyelitis
- BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
Hygiene
- Hygiene is the science of health and the prevention of diseases, including personal and community levels
Personal Cleanliness
- Wash hands before and after meals with soap and water
- Clean teeth after each meal and before bed to prevent decay
- Take bath regularly with clean water
- Keep nails trimmed and clean
- Change clothes daily, especially undergarments and avoid tight clothes
- Maintain clean and regular toilet habits, do not defecate in the open and wash hands after defecation
- Avoid walking barefoot to prevent tetanus and hookworms
- Wash hair regularly with soap and water, and comb to remove dirt
- Wash eyes frequently with clean and cold water, avoid rubbing eyes
- Dispose of waste food and garbage properly in covered bins
Oral, Eye and Hair Care
- Oral hygiene, eye care and hair care are key aspects of personal hygiene
Polio-Free India
- India was officially declared Polio-free on March 27, 2014
Personal and Community Hygiene
- Keys to maintain good health
Oral Hygiene
- Oral hygiene cares for teeth
- Lack of oral hygiene causes yellowing and decay, leading to cavities
- Yellowing is due to plaque, a layer of saliva, food, and bacteria
- Bacteria in plaque convert sugar into acid, dissolving tooth enamel and forming cavities
- Plaque also affects the gums
- Plaque and cavity formation are often caused by the consumption of sweets
Preventing Plaque
- Avoid sweets, chocolates, and ice-creams
- Consume raw vegetables, carrots, spinach (palak), radish, cabbage and fresh fruits
- Brush teeth thoroughly in the morning and at night
- Use fluoride toothpaste
Eye Care
- Protect eyes from bright sunlight
- Keep books 30 cm away while reading
- Avoid reading in dim light or while lying down
- Avoid rubbing eyes
- Wash eyes regularly with clean, cold water
- Consume foods rich in vitamin A: milk, butter, cabbage, spinach, carrot, tomato and mango
- Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness
- Conjunctivitis is a highly infectious disease that causes redness, pain, irritation, swelling of eyelids and discharge from eyes
Hair Care
- Keep hair and scalp clean and free from parasites by washing and combing regularly
- Massage the scalp to enhance blood circulation
- Consume a balanced diet rich in raw vegetables
- Avoid colouring agents or dyes
Community Hygiene
- Community hygiene involves cleanliness of the surroundings
- Factors affecting include increasing population, urbanisation, and industrialisation, leading to deforestation and pollution
Maintaining Community Hygiene
- Put garbage in closed containers/dustbins
- Clean garbage dumps and spray insecticides
- Prevent water stagnation, spray kerosene oil on stagnant water
- Do not defecate in the open
- Cover open drains
- Prevent drinking water contamination
- Maintain safe water and pollution-free surroundings
- Plant more trees
Safe Water
- Provision of safe drinking water is necessary for individual and community health
- Chlorination: Add chlorine tablets to water to destroy microorganisms
- Use Alum: To clean muddy water
- Sedimentation: Storage in earthen pots to settle suspended impurities
- Boiling: Boil water for at least fifteen minutes
- Use Water Filters: In cities
Sanitation
- Proper sanitation is essential for healthy living
- Dump waste materials in pits far from residential areas, then cover with soil
- Composting: Decompose waste material in a pit to form compost for manure
- Sewage Treatment Plants: Treat liquid waste and convert solid waste into manure
- Community hygiene includes clean drinking water and waste disposal methods, health clinics and health workers
- Several methods exist to make drinking water safe
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
