Biology: One Health and Infectious Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic uniquely defines humans compared to other life forms?

  • Ability to fly
  • Photosynthesis
  • Echolocation
  • Bipedalism (correct)

    • What is the primary focus of the One Health approach?

  • Investigating human psychology
  • Examining the connections between human, animal, and environmental health (correct)
  • Understanding the effects of climate change
  • Studying human genetics exclusively

    • The emergence of COVID-19 is linked to which of the following?

  • An outbreak of bacterial infection in hospitals
  • Its discovery in a solar event
  • A meteorological phenomenon
  • A new viral disease from Wuhan, China (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about science is accurate?

    <p>Science helps us question and understand the natural world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'infectious diseases' refer to?

    <p>Conditions caused by microorganisms that spread among populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of living things?

    <p>Inability to adapt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did COVID-19 spread rapidly across the globe?

    <p>Via human-to-human transmission of the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the emergence of pathogens according to the One Health approach?

    <p>Star alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human population lives in urban areas?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the transfer of diseases from wild animals to domestic animals and humans?

    <p>Spillover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common symptom experienced by the 27-year-old man who died from COVID-19?

    <p>Acute respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to increased disease transmission?

    <p>Isolation from animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zoonotic disease?

    <p>A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event significantly contributed to the 75% of new infectious diseases in humans over the past 25 years?

    <p>Spillover from animal reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental change can lead to increased transmission of diseases?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices increases interaction between humans and wild animals, potentially contributing to disease transmission?

    <p>Moving into new habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long did the initial symptoms last before the man was diagnosed with COVID-19?

    <p>Nine days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major human health vulnerability that increases the risk of disease transmission?

    <p>Poor nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's population was infected by COVID-19 within six months of its emergence?

    <p>28 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reported outcome of cutting down forests and converting land to agriculture?

    <p>Decreased diversity of animal species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the COVID-19 pandemic represent in terms of global health?

    <p>The deadliest pandemic since 1918</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the defining features that distinguishes humans from other mammals?

    <p>Bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms includes organisms that possess chlorophyll?

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic primarily defines the kingdom Protista?

    <p>Unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fungi play in the ecosystem?

    <p>Decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typically used to classify organisms into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humans primarily obtain energy?

    <p>By consuming plants or other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'species' refer to in biological classification?

    <p>Populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phylum are humans classified?

    <p>Chordata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of opposable thumbs in humans?

    <p>Allow for precise manipulation of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason a large brain is considered essential in humans?

    <p>It facilitates complex tool use and development of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what kind of material do fungi derive their energy?

    <p>Decaying organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about human biology?

    <p>It can be studied at any level of biological organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a complex communication system developed by humans?

    <p>Written language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to humans compared to other primates?

    <p>Well-developed muscles for precise control of the thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most associated with the emergence of new pathogens in disturbed ecosystems?

    <p>Creation of new habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT transmitted by mosquitos?

    <p>Lyme disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is believed to be the primary origin of SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the PREDICT project initiated by USAID?

    <p>To identify new zoonotic viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spillover refer to in the context of zoonotic diseases?

    <p>Transmission of viruses between different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that caught worldwide attention?

    <p>Isolation of the virus followed by genome sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant effect of deforestation and land conversion to agriculture on disease transmission?

    <p>It leads to increased opportunities for pathogen spillover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did scientists suspect a rural area in China as the location for the initial COVID-19 infection?

    <p>Initial infections were not linked to the wet market</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the emergence of coronaviruses was not surprising to scientists?

    <p>Past experiences with similar coronaviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do wet markets play in the spread of zoonotic diseases?

    <p>They facilitate close animal-to-animal and animal-to-human contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases caused the most deaths in the 2002–2003 outbreak?

    <p>SARS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the likelihood of spillover events during periods of habitat destruction?

    <p>Increases due to habitat fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the USAID defunding of the PREDICT program impact pandemic preparedness?

    <p>It hindered efforts to identify potential zoonotic threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary downside associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

    <p>They contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended action to ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics?

    <p>Request antibiotics for viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of antibiotic prescriptions given to non-hospitalized patients in the United States are estimated to be unnecessary?

    <p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increase following the use of antibiotics?

    <p>Only bacteria that are already resistant survive and multiply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the superbug that is resistant to all penicillin-type antibiotics?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do scientists have in the context of scientific knowledge and moral decisions?

    <p>They advise on the application of scientific knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition expresses a potentially deadly aspect of tuberculosis related to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>MDR-TB (multi-drug-resistant TB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general obligation do individuals have in relation to acquiring scientific knowledge?

    <p>To acquire knowledge for making informed choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the use of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture have on public health?

    <p>It contributes to antibiotic resistance in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a potential consequence of relying heavily on antibiotics for treatment?

    <p>Increased likelihood of antibiotic-resistant infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of living things that can carry out basic life processes?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metabolism refer to in living organisms?

    <p>The physical and chemical processes that transform energy and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the classification of humans?

    <p>Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

    <p>The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the scientific method?

    <p>To develop and test predictions about the natural world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific method, what follows the formulation of a hypothesis?

    <p>Making testable predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do unicellular organisms maintain internal homeostasis?

    <p>Using a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which sources do living organisms primarily obtain energy?

    <p>The environment, including water, air, and other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning is employed when observations are used to formulate a generalization?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a specific prediction need to include in order to be effectively testable?

    <p>A specific dose, condition, expected effect, and time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification category comes immediately after the domain level?

    <p>Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is an example of a hypothesis?

    <p>Drug X would be effective for high blood pressure in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for hypotheses to be testable?

    <p>To avoid speculation and provide valuable insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>They are unicellular and lack nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>It is manipulated or changed by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human biology is included in the course content?

    <p>How cells reproduce and pass on traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be an example of a dependent variable in a study testing Drug X's effect on blood pressure?

    <p>The blood pressure measurements recorded at the end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes have a nucleus in their cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of biological organization is most inclusive?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is random assignment important in experiments?

    <p>It helps to reduce bias by equalizing other variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is evolution important for understanding diversity in life forms?

    <p>It explains how various life forms change over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are considered the building blocks of life?

    <p>Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a modified hypothesis in scientific inquiry?

    <p>It shows the results did not align with initial expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a controlled experiment typically involve?

    <p>Manipulating one component while keeping others constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that living organisms are able to respond to their environment?

    <p>By adjusting their metabolism at a cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of issues may be covered in a human biology course?

    <p>Current issues intersecting with science, law, and ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'blind' experiments?

    <p>Subjects and researchers are unaware of treatment conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a placebo?

    <p>An inactive substance designed to look like the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in living organisms?

    <p>To code for proteins and enable reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a valid scientific prediction?

    <p>It must lead to a clear, testable conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical measures are typically used to compare results in an experiment?

    <p>Mathematical tests to evaluate differences in outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the observation that more blood flows through the lungs than any other organ signify?

    <p>Lungs engage in crucial gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kingdoms does the domain Eukarya contain?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plants play in the energy acquisition of living organisms?

    <p>They utilize photosynthesis to create energy for themselves and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be tested to determine a drug's effectiveness in various populations?

    <p>Response based on genetics or lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could compromise the validity of an experiment if not handled properly?

    <p>The power of suggestion among subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is characteristic of all living things?

    <p>They are composed of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists build confidence in a hypothesis?

    <p>By repeatedly trying to disprove it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a group of subjects with high blood pressure be poorly assigned to the experimental group?

    <p>It might skew the results due to biased group composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental step after testing a hypothesis?

    <p>Considering it within a broader theoretical context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about theories is accurate?

    <p>A theory is a well-tested hypothesis with broad support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the essential characteristics of peer-reviewed journals?

    <p>They are reviewed by experts before publication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a characteristic of a properly designed hypothesis?

    <p>It's general and vague.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for scientists to share their research findings?

    <p>To ensure others can replicate their work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do science magazines generally aim to provide?

    <p>Accessible information for the educated public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential dependent variable when testing the safety of a drug?

    <p>Allergic reactions observed in patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is typically made regarding the results of scientific experiments?

    <p>Experiments should be repeated to confirm results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the scientific method as described?

    <p>It is often slow and requires constant verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might scientists change their minds over time?

    <p>Due to new and better information emerging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way might the findings of a poorly designed experiment be misleading?

    <p>They may not accurately reflect true relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to assess an author's credentials when choosing a nonfiction source?

    <p>To determine their expertise in the subject matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of publications generally undergo a process of critical examination contributing to their trustworthiness?

    <p>Science magazines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a hypothesis considered to have reached theory status?

    <p>After being extensively tested and supported over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main aspect should be considered when evaluating websites for credibility?

    <p>The author's academic credentials and professional experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of scientific sources that are specialized?

    <p>They may contain highly technical information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally lacking in articles from general-interest news magazines compared to those from science magazines?

    <p>In-depth information on scientific topics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Internet sources be approached with skepticism?

    <p>They can mix objective reports with promotional content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended part of the 'Who, What, When, Where' assessment?

    <p>What the color scheme of the website is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does creativity and imagination play in the work of scientists?

    <p>It is essential in exploring frontiers of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of effective science communication in articles and books?

    <p>Translation of complex information into understandable terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the rapid spread of diseases like COVID-19 across global boundaries?

    <p>Global connectedness and mobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor in determining the objectivity of a source?

    <p>The presence of bias in the presentation of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of clinical trials for vaccines?

    <p>To confirm the vaccine's effectiveness and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of website generally ends in '.edu'?

    <p>Educational institutions' websites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be questioned to improve critical thinking skills?

    <p>Every claim and piece of information encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of science focuses specifically on the study of living organisms?

    <p>Biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common goal of science-related TV programs?

    <p>To make scientific topics accessible to a general audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bats particularly known for in terms of disease transmission?

    <p>Their role as primary hosts for numerous viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is considered a sign of life according to most biologists?

    <p>A distinct molecular composition compared to nonliving things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a drawback of reading science articles from newspapers?

    <p>They may not provide necessary context or depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables the rapid assessment of scientific discoveries today compared to the past?

    <p>Advancements in technology and global collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following questions reflects ethical concerns regarding advancements in science and technology?

    <p>Should human cloning be acceptable?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential future benefit mentioned regarding scientific advancements?

    <p>The possibility of selecting or modifying children’s features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of biology examines the function of living organisms?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evolution relate to the understanding of life?

    <p>It demonstrates the constant change and adaptation of living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key responsibility of individuals concerning scientific knowledge?

    <p>To make informed choices affecting personal and community health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered a consequence of a pandemic such as COVID-19?

    <p>Increased healthcare costs and resource strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did COVID-19 differ from SARS and MERS in terms of its spread?

    <p>COVID-19 spread more rapidly due to global interconnectedness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario highlights the importance of global awareness in preventing disease outbreaks?

    <p>Monitoring and responding to outbreaks worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that influences both ice cream sales and drowning rates?

    <p>Warmer temperatures during the summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the follow-up study regarding nearsightedness and sleeping with the light on reveal?

    <p>Parents' nearsightedness may influence children's vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should one remain skeptical about when observing correlations in data?

    <p>The existence of a true causal relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does science contribute to improvements in human conditions?

    <p>By providing information for societal decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which limitation of science is highlighted regarding human experimentation?

    <p>It avoids potentially harmful experiments on healthy subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct statement about science and its capability?

    <p>It only provides physical explanations of observable events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evidence should one be able to identify to differentiate opinion from fact?

    <p>Anecdotal evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of scientific knowledge is emphasized regarding its application?

    <p>Usage of scientific knowledge involves public participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of overusing technological capabilities as mentioned?

    <p>Emergence of unforeseen issues in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is experimental research on street drugs considered challenging?

    <p>Healthy individuals cannot be used as test subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a close correlation suggest concerning causal relationships?

    <p>A true causal relationship is likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about societal challenges and scientific research funding?

    <p>Science is a means to resolve societal challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about correlations between parental traits and children’s outcomes?

    <p>Children are often influenced by their parents' characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might societal decisions depend on scientific knowledge?

    <p>By utilizing findings to inform policies and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes skepticism in scientific claims?

    <p>Skepticism is essential for evaluating new and unverified claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the axes on a graph typically represent?

    <p>The independent variable on the y-axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a larger standard error bar in a graph indicate?

    <p>Greater variability or uncertainty in the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to distinguish between anecdotes and scientific evidence?

    <p>Anecdotes do not provide a reliable basis for generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of statistical confidence in experimental results?

    <p>It suggests that outcomes are predicted with 95% certainty when repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'correlation does not imply causation' mean?

    <p>Just because two events occur simultaneously does not mean one causes the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in effectively interpreting a graph?

    <p>Check the scales and legends on the axes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can statistical margins of error be interpreted in survey results?

    <p>They suggest the true value lies within a specific range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fact in scientific terms?

    <p>A verifiable piece of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of evidence is typically used in advertising that might be misleading?

    <p>Anecdotal evidence from individuals' testimonials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In understanding graphs, what should be approached with caution?

    <p>The types of graphs used, as they may mislead data interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anecdotal evidence typically lack?

    <p>Empirical support based on systematic observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of statistics in scientific research?

    <p>To provide a basis for making objective interpretations of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when evaluating a person's authority to speak on a subject?

    <p>Their relevant qualifications and potential biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies a conclusion?

    <p>Increasing global temperatures cause more extreme weather phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Life

    • Living things are composed of cells and harness energy to synthesize unique chemical compounds.
    • Living things grow and reproduce.
    • Living things maintain homeostasis.
    • Living things respond to their external environment.
    • Living things evolve.

    Defining Humans

    • Bipedalism: Humans are the only consistent bipedal mammals, freeing hands for tools and carrying.
    • Large Brain: Relative to body size, human brains are large and correlated with tool use and language development.
    • Capacity for Complex Language: Humans use complex vocal language and symbolic communication.
    • Opposable Thumbs: Specialized thumb and finger movements for precise manipulation of objects.

    One Health Approach

    • Studies the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health.
    • Examines how these factors interact to influence the emergence and spread of pathogens (diseases).
    • Highlights that outbreaks anywhere pose a risk everywhere due to globalised interconnectedness.

    Human Factors in Disease Transmission

    • High population density facilitates disease transmission.
    • Ease of global travel accelerates disease spread.
    • Dietary choices influence disease transmission, specifically when wild animals are consumed.
    • Lack of healthcare access and increased age, poverty, malnutrition, and chronic diseases increase vulnerability.

    Animal Factors in Disease Transmission

    • Close contact with livestock increases risk of zoonotic diseases.
    • Hunting, capturing, and trading wild animals facilitates disease transmission.
    • Expansion into wild animal habitats increases contact and disease potential.
    • Spillover from wild animals to domestic animals and humans (e.g., 75% of human infectious diseases).
    • Zoonotic diseases: acquired by exposure to microorganisms infecting animals (e.g., rabies, influenza, COVID-19).

    Environmental Factors in Disease Transmission

    • Environmental disturbances, and altered ecosystems enable pathogens to emerge and spread.
    • Climate change can expand mosquito and tick populations, increasing the spread of diseases.
    • Land use changes alter animal diversity and disease spillovers.

    The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2

    • SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): One of many coronaviruses; emerged in the Wuhan "wet" market of China.
    • SARS (2002-2004): Originated from bats, and 8,000 cases; 774 deaths.
    • MERS (2012): Originated from bats, amplified in camels, 2,500 cases; 866 deaths.
    • Wuhan "wet" markets offered numerous wild and domestic animals, which were kept crowded, increasing the likelihood of virus transmission among those animals as well as spillover to humans.

    Preventing Pandemics

    • Surveillance: Detecting and monitoring potential pathogens, including zoonotic viruses.
    • PREDICT Project (2009): Designed to detect zoonotic viruses at human-wildlife interfaces and prevent pandemics. Was unfortunately defunded in 2019.
    • Global Connectedness: Recognizing that actions in other parts of the world have widespread impacts on global health.

    Science as a Body of Knowledge and Process

    • Science is comprised of knowledge about the natural world and the process of acquiring such knowledge (the scientific method).
    • The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis development, testable predictions, experimentation, and modification of hypotheses based on results.
    • The goal is to obtain unbiased, reliable information about the natural world

    Sources of Scientific Information

    • Peer-reviewed journals (Nature, Science): Technical, accurate, thorough but challenging reading.
    • Science magazines (National Geographic, Scientific American): Inform interested readers but author's credentials need to be checked.
    • Non-fiction books: Author credentials are important, some need to check their bias
    • General-interest news, newspapers, news websites: Timely, but less rigorous.
    • Internet: Contains accurate and inaccurate information; evaluate sites by considering who, what, when, and where the information is sourced.
    • Social media: Poor source for accurate scientific information.

    Scientific Theories

    • A heavily tested and well-supported hypothesis, used to explain a variety of scientific facts, like the theory of evolution, the cell theory.

    Critical Thinking

    • Healthy skepticism: Questioning claims, seeking evidence, evaluating credentials.
    • Evaluating sources: Critically assessing information based on the source, quality, and scholarship.
    • Understanding statistics: Evaluating data and confidence levels of the results (standard error).
    • Distinguishing correlation from causation: A correlation doesn't automatically indicate a causal relationship
    • Applying scientific method to real-world problems

    The Role of Science in Society

    • Science improves technologies that improve human conditions, like crop yields, weather predictions, healthcare, transportation, and communications.
    • Science identifies and helps correct problems.
    • Science has limitations; cannot resolve moral dilemmas or prove or disprove supernatural claims.
    • Scientific knowledge necessitates responsible application by societies.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
    • This can lead to serious health issues (e.g., MRSA, MDR-TB).
    • Strategies to control antibiotic resistance include using antibiotics judiciously as prescribed, reducing antibiotic use in livestock, and supporting research for new antibiotics.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the unique characteristics of humans, the One Health approach, and the dynamics of infectious diseases including the emergence of COVID-19. This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology and the interconnection between health and disease spread.

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