Biology: One Health and Infectious Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic uniquely defines humans compared to other life forms?

  • Ability to fly
  • Photosynthesis
  • Echolocation
  • Bipedalism (correct)

What is the primary focus of the One Health approach?

  • Investigating human psychology
  • Examining the connections between human, animal, and environmental health (correct)
  • Understanding the effects of climate change
  • Studying human genetics exclusively

The emergence of COVID-19 is linked to which of the following?

  • An outbreak of bacterial infection in hospitals
  • Its discovery in a solar event
  • A meteorological phenomenon
  • A new viral disease from Wuhan, China (correct)

Which of the following statements about science is accurate?

<p>Science helps us question and understand the natural world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'infectious diseases' refer to?

<p>Conditions caused by microorganisms that spread among populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of living things?

<p>Inability to adapt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did COVID-19 spread rapidly across the globe?

<p>Via human-to-human transmission of the virus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the emergence of pathogens according to the One Health approach?

<p>Star alignment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human population lives in urban areas?

<p>55% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the transfer of diseases from wild animals to domestic animals and humans?

<p>Spillover (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common symptom experienced by the 27-year-old man who died from COVID-19?

<p>Acute respiratory failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to increased disease transmission?

<p>Isolation from animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a zoonotic disease?

<p>A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event significantly contributed to the 75% of new infectious diseases in humans over the past 25 years?

<p>Spillover from animal reservoirs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental change can lead to increased transmission of diseases?

<p>Climate change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices increases interaction between humans and wild animals, potentially contributing to disease transmission?

<p>Moving into new habitats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did the initial symptoms last before the man was diagnosed with COVID-19?

<p>Nine days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major human health vulnerability that increases the risk of disease transmission?

<p>Poor nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's population was infected by COVID-19 within six months of its emergence?

<p>28 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reported outcome of cutting down forests and converting land to agriculture?

<p>Decreased diversity of animal species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the COVID-19 pandemic represent in terms of global health?

<p>The deadliest pandemic since 1918 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the defining features that distinguishes humans from other mammals?

<p>Bipedalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following kingdoms includes organisms that possess chlorophyll?

<p>Plantae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic primarily defines the kingdom Protista?

<p>Unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fungi play in the ecosystem?

<p>Decomposers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically used to classify organisms into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi?

<p>Color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans primarily obtain energy?

<p>By consuming plants or other organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'species' refer to in biological classification?

<p>Populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phylum are humans classified?

<p>Chordata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of opposable thumbs in humans?

<p>Allow for precise manipulation of objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason a large brain is considered essential in humans?

<p>It facilitates complex tool use and development of language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what kind of material do fungi derive their energy?

<p>Decaying organic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about human biology?

<p>It can be studied at any level of biological organization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a complex communication system developed by humans?

<p>Written language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to humans compared to other primates?

<p>Well-developed muscles for precise control of the thumb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most associated with the emergence of new pathogens in disturbed ecosystems?

<p>Creation of new habitats (B), Reduction of biodiversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is NOT transmitted by mosquitos?

<p>Lyme disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to be the primary origin of SARS-CoV-2?

<p>Bats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the PREDICT project initiated by USAID?

<p>To identify new zoonotic viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does spillover refer to in the context of zoonotic diseases?

<p>Transmission of viruses between different species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that caught worldwide attention?

<p>Isolation of the virus followed by genome sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of deforestation and land conversion to agriculture on disease transmission?

<p>It leads to increased opportunities for pathogen spillover (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did scientists suspect a rural area in China as the location for the initial COVID-19 infection?

<p>Initial infections were not linked to the wet market (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why the emergence of coronaviruses was not surprising to scientists?

<p>Past experiences with similar coronaviruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do wet markets play in the spread of zoonotic diseases?

<p>They facilitate close animal-to-animal and animal-to-human contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases caused the most deaths in the 2002–2003 outbreak?

<p>SARS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the likelihood of spillover events during periods of habitat destruction?

<p>Increases due to habitat fragmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the USAID defunding of the PREDICT program impact pandemic preparedness?

<p>It hindered efforts to identify potential zoonotic threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary downside associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

<p>They contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended action to ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics?

<p>Request antibiotics for viral infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of antibiotic prescriptions given to non-hospitalized patients in the United States are estimated to be unnecessary?

<p>33% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increase following the use of antibiotics?

<p>Only bacteria that are already resistant survive and multiply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the superbug that is resistant to all penicillin-type antibiotics?

<p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do scientists have in the context of scientific knowledge and moral decisions?

<p>They advise on the application of scientific knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition expresses a potentially deadly aspect of tuberculosis related to antibiotic resistance?

<p>MDR-TB (multi-drug-resistant TB) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general obligation do individuals have in relation to acquiring scientific knowledge?

<p>To acquire knowledge for making informed choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the use of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture have on public health?

<p>It contributes to antibiotic resistance in humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential consequence of relying heavily on antibiotics for treatment?

<p>Increased likelihood of antibiotic-resistant infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of living things that can carry out basic life processes?

<p>Cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does metabolism refer to in living organisms?

<p>The physical and chemical processes that transform energy and molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the classification of humans?

<p>Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

<p>The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the scientific method?

<p>To develop and test predictions about the natural world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific method, what follows the formulation of a hypothesis?

<p>Making testable predictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do unicellular organisms maintain internal homeostasis?

<p>Using a selectively permeable membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which sources do living organisms primarily obtain energy?

<p>The environment, including water, air, and other organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is employed when observations are used to formulate a generalization?

<p>Inductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a specific prediction need to include in order to be effectively testable?

<p>A specific dose, condition, expected effect, and time period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification category comes immediately after the domain level?

<p>Kingdom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is an example of a hypothesis?

<p>Drug X would be effective for high blood pressure in humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for hypotheses to be testable?

<p>To avoid speculation and provide valuable insights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

<p>They are unicellular and lack nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an independent variable in an experiment?

<p>It is manipulated or changed by the researcher. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human biology is included in the course content?

<p>How cells reproduce and pass on traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of a dependent variable in a study testing Drug X's effect on blood pressure?

<p>The blood pressure measurements recorded at the end (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes have a nucleus in their cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of biological organization is most inclusive?

<p>Domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is random assignment important in experiments?

<p>It helps to reduce bias by equalizing other variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is evolution important for understanding diversity in life forms?

<p>It explains how various life forms change over generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are considered the building blocks of life?

<p>Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a modified hypothesis in scientific inquiry?

<p>It shows the results did not align with initial expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a controlled experiment typically involve?

<p>Manipulating one component while keeping others constant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that living organisms are able to respond to their environment?

<p>By adjusting their metabolism at a cellular level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of issues may be covered in a human biology course?

<p>Current issues intersecting with science, law, and ethics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'blind' experiments?

<p>Subjects and researchers are unaware of treatment conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a placebo?

<p>An inactive substance designed to look like the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in living organisms?

<p>To code for proteins and enable reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a valid scientific prediction?

<p>It must lead to a clear, testable conclusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical measures are typically used to compare results in an experiment?

<p>Mathematical tests to evaluate differences in outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the observation that more blood flows through the lungs than any other organ signify?

<p>Lungs engage in crucial gas exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many kingdoms does the domain Eukarya contain?

<p>Four (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plants play in the energy acquisition of living organisms?

<p>They utilize photosynthesis to create energy for themselves and others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be tested to determine a drug's effectiveness in various populations?

<p>Response based on genetics or lifestyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor could compromise the validity of an experiment if not handled properly?

<p>The power of suggestion among subjects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is characteristic of all living things?

<p>They are composed of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists build confidence in a hypothesis?

<p>By repeatedly trying to disprove it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a group of subjects with high blood pressure be poorly assigned to the experimental group?

<p>It might skew the results due to biased group composition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental step after testing a hypothesis?

<p>Considering it within a broader theoretical context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about theories is accurate?

<p>A theory is a well-tested hypothesis with broad support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the essential characteristics of peer-reviewed journals?

<p>They are reviewed by experts before publication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of a properly designed hypothesis?

<p>It's general and vague. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for scientists to share their research findings?

<p>To ensure others can replicate their work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information do science magazines generally aim to provide?

<p>Accessible information for the educated public (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential dependent variable when testing the safety of a drug?

<p>Allergic reactions observed in patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption is typically made regarding the results of scientific experiments?

<p>Experiments should be repeated to confirm results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the scientific method as described?

<p>It is often slow and requires constant verification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might scientists change their minds over time?

<p>Due to new and better information emerging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might the findings of a poorly designed experiment be misleading?

<p>They may not accurately reflect true relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to assess an author's credentials when choosing a nonfiction source?

<p>To determine their expertise in the subject matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of publications generally undergo a process of critical examination contributing to their trustworthiness?

<p>Science magazines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a hypothesis considered to have reached theory status?

<p>After being extensively tested and supported over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main aspect should be considered when evaluating websites for credibility?

<p>The author's academic credentials and professional experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of scientific sources that are specialized?

<p>They may contain highly technical information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally lacking in articles from general-interest news magazines compared to those from science magazines?

<p>In-depth information on scientific topics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should Internet sources be approached with skepticism?

<p>They can mix objective reports with promotional content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended part of the 'Who, What, When, Where' assessment?

<p>What the color scheme of the website is. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does creativity and imagination play in the work of scientists?

<p>It is essential in exploring frontiers of knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of effective science communication in articles and books?

<p>Translation of complex information into understandable terms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the rapid spread of diseases like COVID-19 across global boundaries?

<p>Global connectedness and mobility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in determining the objectivity of a source?

<p>The presence of bias in the presentation of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of clinical trials for vaccines?

<p>To confirm the vaccine's effectiveness and safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of website generally ends in '.edu'?

<p>Educational institutions' websites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be questioned to improve critical thinking skills?

<p>Every claim and piece of information encountered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of science focuses specifically on the study of living organisms?

<p>Biology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common goal of science-related TV programs?

<p>To make scientific topics accessible to a general audience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bats particularly known for in terms of disease transmission?

<p>Their role as primary hosts for numerous viruses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is considered a sign of life according to most biologists?

<p>A distinct molecular composition compared to nonliving things. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a drawback of reading science articles from newspapers?

<p>They may not provide necessary context or depth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables the rapid assessment of scientific discoveries today compared to the past?

<p>Advancements in technology and global collaboration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions reflects ethical concerns regarding advancements in science and technology?

<p>Should human cloning be acceptable? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential future benefit mentioned regarding scientific advancements?

<p>The possibility of selecting or modifying children’s features. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of biology examines the function of living organisms?

<p>Physiology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does evolution relate to the understanding of life?

<p>It demonstrates the constant change and adaptation of living organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key responsibility of individuals concerning scientific knowledge?

<p>To make informed choices affecting personal and community health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a consequence of a pandemic such as COVID-19?

<p>Increased healthcare costs and resource strain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did COVID-19 differ from SARS and MERS in terms of its spread?

<p>COVID-19 spread more rapidly due to global interconnectedness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario highlights the importance of global awareness in preventing disease outbreaks?

<p>Monitoring and responding to outbreaks worldwide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences both ice cream sales and drowning rates?

<p>Warmer temperatures during the summer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the follow-up study regarding nearsightedness and sleeping with the light on reveal?

<p>Parents' nearsightedness may influence children's vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should one remain skeptical about when observing correlations in data?

<p>The existence of a true causal relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does science contribute to improvements in human conditions?

<p>By providing information for societal decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which limitation of science is highlighted regarding human experimentation?

<p>It avoids potentially harmful experiments on healthy subjects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a correct statement about science and its capability?

<p>It only provides physical explanations of observable events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence should one be able to identify to differentiate opinion from fact?

<p>Anecdotal evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of scientific knowledge is emphasized regarding its application?

<p>Usage of scientific knowledge involves public participation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of overusing technological capabilities as mentioned?

<p>Emergence of unforeseen issues in the future (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is experimental research on street drugs considered challenging?

<p>Healthy individuals cannot be used as test subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a close correlation suggest concerning causal relationships?

<p>A true causal relationship is likely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about societal challenges and scientific research funding?

<p>Science is a means to resolve societal challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about correlations between parental traits and children’s outcomes?

<p>Children are often influenced by their parents' characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might societal decisions depend on scientific knowledge?

<p>By utilizing findings to inform policies and practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes skepticism in scientific claims?

<p>Skepticism is essential for evaluating new and unverified claims. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the axes on a graph typically represent?

<p>The independent variable on the y-axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a larger standard error bar in a graph indicate?

<p>Greater variability or uncertainty in the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to distinguish between anecdotes and scientific evidence?

<p>Anecdotes do not provide a reliable basis for generalization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of statistical confidence in experimental results?

<p>It suggests that outcomes are predicted with 95% certainty when repeated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'correlation does not imply causation' mean?

<p>Just because two events occur simultaneously does not mean one causes the other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in effectively interpreting a graph?

<p>Check the scales and legends on the axes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can statistical margins of error be interpreted in survey results?

<p>They suggest the true value lies within a specific range. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fact in scientific terms?

<p>A verifiable piece of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of evidence is typically used in advertising that might be misleading?

<p>Anecdotal evidence from individuals' testimonials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In understanding graphs, what should be approached with caution?

<p>The types of graphs used, as they may mislead data interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anecdotal evidence typically lack?

<p>Empirical support based on systematic observation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of statistics in scientific research?

<p>To provide a basis for making objective interpretations of data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when evaluating a person's authority to speak on a subject?

<p>Their relevant qualifications and potential biases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a conclusion?

<p>Increasing global temperatures cause more extreme weather phenomena. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads across many countries and continents.

Infectious disease

A disease caused by a pathogen, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or protozoa.

Pathogens

Tiny living organisms that can cause disease.

One Health Approach

The study of the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health.

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Human defining characteristics

Features that distinguish humans as unique among other life forms.

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Bipedalism

The ability to walk upright on two legs.

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Opposable thumbs

Thumbs that can oppose the other fingers, allowing for grasping.

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Complex language

The ability to communicate using a complex system of sounds, symbols, and gestures.

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Epidemiology

The study of how diseases are transmitted and how to prevent them.

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Zoonotic disease

A virus or bacteria that infects animals and can spread to humans.

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Spillover

The transfer of a disease from an animal to a human.

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Respiratory disease

A disease caused by a virus that attacks the respiratory system.

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Outbreak

A disease that spreads quickly and affects many people.

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Contagious

The ability of a virus to spread quickly and easily.

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Novel virus

A disease that is caused by a new or unknown virus.

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Human-animal interactions

The study of how humans and animals interact with each other and the environment.

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Deforestation

The process of clearing forests for agriculture, development, or other purposes.

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Environmental health

The study of how environmental changes can affect human health.

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Disease transmission

The movement of viruses or bacteria from one place to another.

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Viral adaptation

The process of a virus adapting to a new host.

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Disease control

The practice of controlling or limiting the spread of a disease.

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Coronavirus

A virus from the family of coronaviruses that infects a variety of animals, including humans, pigs, camels, bats, and cats.

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SARS-CoV-2

The virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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Ground zero

The primary site where a disease is thought to have originated.

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Wet market

A market that sells live wild and domestic animals, often in crowded conditions.

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Epicenter

The location where a disease spreads rapidly, often leading to a wider outbreak.

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Surveillance

An approach to monitor and detect potential pathogens, including viruses.

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PREDICT project

A project aimed at identifying zoonotic viruses and preventing pandemics.

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Defunding

The funding and resources provided for a project or initiative.

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Research

The application of scientific knowledge and resources to address a specific issue.

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Vaccine development

The process of developing a vaccine to protect against a specific disease.

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Clinical trials

Trials conducted in humans to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a vaccine.

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Short-sightedness

A situation where an opportunity is missed or a decision is made that has negative consequences later.

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Contagiousness

The ability of pathogens to spread easily and quickly between people.

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Physiology

The study of how living organisms function, including their processes and systems.

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Anatomy

The study of the structure and organization of living organisms.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a complex function.

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Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a coordinated set of functions.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species living together in a particular area.

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Ecosystem

All the living organisms and their interactions within a particular area.

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Evolution

The theory that living organisms have changed over time due to natural selection and genetic variation.

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Natural selection

The process by which organisms with traits best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Ecology

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

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Immunology

The study of the immune system, which protects the body from disease-causing organisms.

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Microbiology

The study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

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Homeostasis

The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism, including the breakdown of nutrients for energy and the synthesis of new molecules.

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Cell

The fundamental unit of life, capable of carrying out all life processes.

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Unicellular organism

Organisms composed of a single cell.

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Multicellular organism

Organisms composed of multiple cells, often specialized for different functions.

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Reproduction

The ability of living organisms to create new organisms similar to themselves.

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Classification System

A hierarchical system used to classify living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

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Domains of Life

The three main categories in the classification system, reflecting the fundamental differences in cellular structure.

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Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus, such as bacteria and archaea.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Protista

The kingdom of life that includes single-celled organisms with diverse forms, such as protozoans and algae.

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Animalia

The kingdom of life that includes multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms.

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Fungi

The kingdom of life that includes organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their surroundings.

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Plantae

The kingdom of life that includes multicellular organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

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What is a species?

A group of organisms that have similar physical and functional characteristics, interbreed, and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.

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What is photosynthesis?

A process where an organism uses sunlight to create energy for itself.

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What are decomposers?

Organisms that obtain their energy from decaying material.

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What is bipedalism?

The ability of a species to stand upright and walk on two legs.

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What are opposable thumbs?

The ability of a thumb to move to oppose the other fingers, allowing for grasping.

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What is complex language?

A system of sounds, symbols, and gestures that humans use to communicate.

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What is epidemiology?

The study of how diseases are transmitted, their effects, and how to prevent them.

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What is a zoonotic disease?

A disease that spreads from animals to humans.

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What is a zoonotic pathogen?

A virus or bacteria that infects animals and can spread to humans.

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What is spillover?

The transfer of a disease from an animal to a human.

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What is an outbreak?

A disease that spreads quickly and affects many people.

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What does contagious mean?

The ability of a virus to spread quickly and easily.

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What is a novel virus?

A new or unknown virus that causes disease.

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What is human-animal interaction?

The study of how humans and animals interact with each other and the environment.

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What is deforestation?

The process of clearing forests for agriculture, development, or other purposes.

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What is a hypothesis?

A tentative statement that can be tested to explain a natural phenomenon.

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What is deductive reasoning?

The process of applying a general rule to a specific case.

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What is the scientific method?

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge about the natural world, involving observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, and experimentation.

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What is inductive reasoning?

A process of reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.

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What is observation?

Extracting information from the natural world, often used as the starting point in the scientific method.

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What is the One Health approach?

The study of the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health.

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What is a domain?

The most inclusive group in biological classification, encompassing all living things.

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What is a spillover event?

The transfer of a disease from an animal to a human.

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Testable Prediction

A testable statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is intentionally changed by the researcher in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment; it is affected by the independent variable.

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Experimental Group

A group in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested (e.g., a drug).

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being tested; used as a comparison to the experimental group.

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Random Assignment

The process of assigning subjects to different groups in an experiment randomly, ensuring that all other variables are equally distributed.

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Placebo

A fake treatment given to the control group in an experiment to ensure that the results are not influenced by the power of suggestion.

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Standardized Variable

A variable that is kept the same for both the experimental and control groups in an experiment.

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Blind Experiment

An experiment where the subjects are unaware of whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo.

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Double-blind Experiment

An experiment where both the subjects and the researchers are unaware of who is receiving the treatment or the placebo.

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Statistical Test

A statistical test used to compare the results of an experiment to determine if the differences observed are significant.

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Uncontrolled Variables

A set of conditions that are not fully explored in an experiment.

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Modify Hypothesis

A process of refining a hypothesis based on the results of an experiment.

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Experimentation

The process of collecting data and analyzing it to support or refute a hypothesis.

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Observation

The process of observing and documenting phenomena in the natural world.

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Who, What, When, Where assessment

Evaluating a source's credibility by considering author's credentials, purpose, date of update, and source of information.

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Skepticism

A questioning attitude that helps you critically evaluate information before accepting it as true.

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Source credibility

A source's reliability, trustworthiness, and expertise on the subject matter.

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Credible Websites

Websites maintained by reputable organizations like the American Heart Association to provide reliable information.

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Bias

Information presented in a way that favors a particular point of view, potentially distorting the truth.

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Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze information critically, identify assumptions, and draw conclusions based on evidence.

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Scientific Skepticism

Using creativity and imagination to explore scientific ideas, but always questioning and evaluating those ideas.

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Trusted Scientific Sources

Sources of information like science magazines that undergo rigorous peer review and evaluation.

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Unreliable Sources

Sources of information like social media that often lack reliability and accurate scientific information.

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Website assessment

A tool for assessing the quality of a website by considering who created it, its purpose, when it was last updated, and the source of information.

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Information Literacy

The process of finding and evaluating information using reliable sources to form well-informed conclusions.

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Information Verification

The process of checking the accuracy of information by verifying it against multiple sources.

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Evidence-Based Thinking

Looking for evidence to support a claim or idea, especially when it contradicts existing knowledge.

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Bias Awareness

The ability to recognize and analyze potential biases in information sources.

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Assumption Identification

The process of identifying and analyzing assumptions underlying an argument or claim.

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Correlation

A relationship between two variables where they change together, but one doesn't necessarily cause the other.

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Causation

When one variable directly influences another, leading to a change in the second variable.

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Anecdotal Evidence

Evidence based on personal experiences or observations, which may not be representative of the whole picture.

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Technology

The use of scientific knowledge to create practical applications, such as tools, products, or techniques.

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Early Warnings

The ability of science to provide early warnings of potential problems, allowing for timely intervention.

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Science Has Limits

The ability of science to identify and address its own limitations, recognizing areas where scientific methods may not be applicable.

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Practical Limitation

A limitation of science where certain types of information cannot be obtained through observation or experimentation due to ethical or practical constraints.

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Animal Experimentation

The use of animals in research as substitutes for human subjects, under strict ethical guidelines.

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Improving Human Condition

The ability of science to improve technology and enhance the human condition, leading to increased productivity and prosperity.

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Solving Problems

The process of using scientific knowledge to identify and solve problems, including environmental and societal challenges.

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Informing Societal Decisions

The ability of science to provide information about the natural world, which can inform societal decisions and guide policy.

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Ethical Dilemmas

The use of scientific knowledge to address ethical dilemmas related to scientific advancements, involving public debate and participation.

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Overuse of Technology

The potential for overuse of technology to create unintended consequences or harm, requiring careful consideration and responsible application.

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Value of Statistics

The ability to determine how much confidence one should put in information. It's a tool for making decisions based on the reliability of data.

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Fact

A verifiable piece of information that can be proven true.

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Conclusion

A judgment or conclusion drawn from facts. It may be correct, but not always, based on what's known.

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Correlation does not imply causation

The idea that a correlation doesn't mean one thing causes the other. It's important to identify true cause-and-effect relationships.

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Graphs

A graph that displays data in a way that is economical and easy to grasp. It helps understand patterns and trends in information.

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X-axis

The horizontal axis at the bottom of a graph. It usually displays the independent variable.

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Y-axis

The vertical axis on a graph. It usually displays the dependent variable.

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Standard Error Bars

Small lines on a graph that represent how certain a data point is, like the confidence in the average.

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Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observation, which can be tested through experimentation.

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Scientific Experiment

An experiment conducted to test a hypothesis, involving a controlled independent variable and observed dependent variable.

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Scientific Theory

A broad explanation for a wide range of scientific facts, supported by extensive testing and evidence over time.

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Peer-Reviewed Journal

A scientific journal that publishes articles that have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field.

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Complete Documentation

Scientists carefully documenting the details of their experiments, allowing others to repeat the work and verify findings.

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Constant Questioning and Verification

The process of scientists questioning and verifying each other's work, ensuring the rigor and accuracy of research findings.

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Uncertainty in Science

The understanding that scientific knowledge is constantly evolving and subject to change as new information emerges.

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Sharing Scientific Findings

The process of scientists making their findings known to the wider scientific community through publications and presentations.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to observation, hypothesis building, and hypothesis testing, used to gain knowledge and understanding of the natural world.

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Process of Elimination

A process of elimination, where hypotheses are repeatedly tested and refined, leading to the most likely explanation for an observation.

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Validity of Results

The outcome of an experiment is only valid for the specific conditions under which it was conducted.

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Effectiveness

The ability of a drug or treatment to produce the desired effect in a patient.

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Antibiotic overuse in agriculture

The use of antibiotics in livestock and fruit trees can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to all penicillin-type antibiotics.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

A potentially deadly lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can become resistant to multiple antibiotics.

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MDR-TB (Multi-Drug-Resistant TB)

Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple antibiotics.

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XDR-TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB)

Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics.

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Antibiotic Resistance

Drug-resistant bacteria evolve over time, becoming harder to kill with standard antibiotics.

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Natural Selection in Bacteria

The process of killing most of the target bacteria with an antibiotic, allowing the naturally resistant bacteria to survive and multiply.

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Antibiotic Ineffectiveness

A phenomenon where a drug loses its effectiveness against specific bacteria, making infections harder to treat.

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Indiscriminate Antibiotic Usage

Unnecessary use of antibiotics contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance, jeopardizing public health.

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Judicious Antibiotic Use

A strategy of choosing antibiotics wisely, using them only when necessary, and completing the full course of treatment.

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Study Notes

Characteristics of Life

  • Living things are composed of cells and harness energy to synthesize unique chemical compounds.
  • Living things grow and reproduce.
  • Living things maintain homeostasis.
  • Living things respond to their external environment.
  • Living things evolve.

Defining Humans

  • Bipedalism: Humans are the only consistent bipedal mammals, freeing hands for tools and carrying.
  • Large Brain: Relative to body size, human brains are large and correlated with tool use and language development.
  • Capacity for Complex Language: Humans use complex vocal language and symbolic communication.
  • Opposable Thumbs: Specialized thumb and finger movements for precise manipulation of objects.

One Health Approach

  • Studies the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health.
  • Examines how these factors interact to influence the emergence and spread of pathogens (diseases).
  • Highlights that outbreaks anywhere pose a risk everywhere due to globalised interconnectedness.

Human Factors in Disease Transmission

  • High population density facilitates disease transmission.
  • Ease of global travel accelerates disease spread.
  • Dietary choices influence disease transmission, specifically when wild animals are consumed.
  • Lack of healthcare access and increased age, poverty, malnutrition, and chronic diseases increase vulnerability.

Animal Factors in Disease Transmission

  • Close contact with livestock increases risk of zoonotic diseases.
  • Hunting, capturing, and trading wild animals facilitates disease transmission.
  • Expansion into wild animal habitats increases contact and disease potential.
  • Spillover from wild animals to domestic animals and humans (e.g., 75% of human infectious diseases).
  • Zoonotic diseases: acquired by exposure to microorganisms infecting animals (e.g., rabies, influenza, COVID-19).

Environmental Factors in Disease Transmission

  • Environmental disturbances, and altered ecosystems enable pathogens to emerge and spread.
  • Climate change can expand mosquito and tick populations, increasing the spread of diseases.
  • Land use changes alter animal diversity and disease spillovers.

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2

  • SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): One of many coronaviruses; emerged in the Wuhan "wet" market of China.
  • SARS (2002-2004): Originated from bats, and 8,000 cases; 774 deaths.
  • MERS (2012): Originated from bats, amplified in camels, 2,500 cases; 866 deaths.
  • Wuhan "wet" markets offered numerous wild and domestic animals, which were kept crowded, increasing the likelihood of virus transmission among those animals as well as spillover to humans.

Preventing Pandemics

  • Surveillance: Detecting and monitoring potential pathogens, including zoonotic viruses.
  • PREDICT Project (2009): Designed to detect zoonotic viruses at human-wildlife interfaces and prevent pandemics. Was unfortunately defunded in 2019.
  • Global Connectedness: Recognizing that actions in other parts of the world have widespread impacts on global health.

Science as a Body of Knowledge and Process

  • Science is comprised of knowledge about the natural world and the process of acquiring such knowledge (the scientific method).
  • The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis development, testable predictions, experimentation, and modification of hypotheses based on results.
  • The goal is to obtain unbiased, reliable information about the natural world

Sources of Scientific Information

  • Peer-reviewed journals (Nature, Science): Technical, accurate, thorough but challenging reading.
  • Science magazines (National Geographic, Scientific American): Inform interested readers but author's credentials need to be checked.
  • Non-fiction books: Author credentials are important, some need to check their bias
  • General-interest news, newspapers, news websites: Timely, but less rigorous.
  • Internet: Contains accurate and inaccurate information; evaluate sites by considering who, what, when, and where the information is sourced.
  • Social media: Poor source for accurate scientific information.

Scientific Theories

  • A heavily tested and well-supported hypothesis, used to explain a variety of scientific facts, like the theory of evolution, the cell theory.

Critical Thinking

  • Healthy skepticism: Questioning claims, seeking evidence, evaluating credentials.
  • Evaluating sources: Critically assessing information based on the source, quality, and scholarship.
  • Understanding statistics: Evaluating data and confidence levels of the results (standard error).
  • Distinguishing correlation from causation: A correlation doesn't automatically indicate a causal relationship
  • Applying scientific method to real-world problems

The Role of Science in Society

  • Science improves technologies that improve human conditions, like crop yields, weather predictions, healthcare, transportation, and communications.
  • Science identifies and helps correct problems.
  • Science has limitations; cannot resolve moral dilemmas or prove or disprove supernatural claims.
  • Scientific knowledge necessitates responsible application by societies.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
  • This can lead to serious health issues (e.g., MRSA, MDR-TB).
  • Strategies to control antibiotic resistance include using antibiotics judiciously as prescribed, reducing antibiotic use in livestock, and supporting research for new antibiotics.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the unique characteristics of humans, the One Health approach, and the dynamics of infectious diseases including the emergence of COVID-19. This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology and the interconnection between health and disease spread.

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