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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main components of Skinner's principles of operant conditioning in understanding personality?

Personality traits are fixed and unchangeable.

Responses are based solely on conscious thought processes.

Response tendencies are influenced mechanically by reinforcers. (correct)

Behaviors are shaped solely by genetic factors.

According to Jung, what does the collective unconscious refer to?

A universal consciousness shared across humanity. (correct)

An individual’s personal experiences and memories.

The conscious mind's influence on behavior.

A shared pool of knowledge within immediate family.

Which of the following is a weakness of the psychodynamic approach to personality?

It emphasizes the importance of reinforcement.

It has poor testability and inadequate evidence. (correct)

It offers detailed, observable predictions.

It relies heavily on structured interviews.

What primary factor does Adler believe motivates human behavior?

Striving for superiority. Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura’s social learning theory, what phrase best describes how behavior is shaped?

By a combination of reinforcement and social observation. Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution did Mischel make to personality theory?

The extent to which situational factors influence behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the strengths of the psychodynamic approach to personality?

Emphasis on the role of unconscious forces and internal conflicts. Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily involved in the formation of characteristic response tendencies, according to operant conditioning?

Reinforcement and other consequences of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Wilhem Wundt's contributions to psychology in 1879?

Establishment of the first psychology research lab Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three goals of the scientific enterprise?

Artistic interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in scientific investigations?

Formulate a testable hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers verify their hypotheses in scientific studies?

Through statistical data analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is an operational definition in the context of a study?

A precise measurement technique for a variable Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific approach, what is the purpose of analyzing data?

To decide whether hypotheses have been supported Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an advantage of the scientific approach to studying behavior?

It relies on objective measurement techniques Signup and view all the answers

What does the goal of 'application and control' in scientific research aim to achieve?

Practical solution to everyday problems Signup and view all the answers

What role did hunting play in the development of spatial abilities in men according to evolutionary explanations?

Hunting involved tracking and remembering locations. Signup and view all the answers

In evolutionarily based theories, how were women's spatial abilities potentially influenced?

By gathering food over long distances and hunting. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key premise of evolutionary psychology?

It explains behaviour in terms of adaptation over generations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a focus of applied psychology?

Genetic influences on psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily examined by biological psychology?

The influence of genetic factors and the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

How does behaviourism differ from biological psychology?

Behaviourism studies only observable behaviours. Signup and view all the answers

Critical thinking is important for what primary purpose in psychology?

To increase the probability of desirable outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of ethnocentrism?

Believing one's own group is superior to others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the development of secure attachments in children?

Mothers being sensitive and responsive to their child's needs Signup and view all the answers

During which of Erikson's stages does a child develop a sense of personal shame and doubt?

Autonomy vs shame and doubt Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is expected if a child's needs are adequately met during the 'Trust vs mistrust' stage?

An optimistic, trusting attitude towards the world Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do children experiment and initiate actions that may conflict with parental rules?

Initiative vs guilt Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children learn to function socially beyond their immediate family?

Industry vs inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What is expected when a child successfully navigates the phase of Autonomy vs shame and doubt?

A sense of self-sufficiency Signup and view all the answers

The predominant type of attachment observed worldwide is generally classified as:

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents play in the 'Initiative vs guilt' stage of development?

Overcontrolling behavior that instills guilt Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Controlling brain regulation related to hunger Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with promoting hunger?

Ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

What best describes homeostasis in terms of physiological needs?

A state of physiological equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes hedonic adaptation?

The shift in the mental scale for judging experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the facial feedback hypothesis?

To help the brain recognize emotions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motivation, what distinguishes an incentive from a drive?

Drives are internal, while incentives are external Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are considered primary happiness predictors?

Health, social activity, and relationship satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the set-point theory propose about body weight?

The body monitors fat-cell levels to maintain stability Signup and view all the answers

What is a major weakness of both behavioural and psychodynamic theories according to humanistic psychologists?

They are too deterministic in their views. Signup and view all the answers

How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory regarding human behavior?

It focuses on rationality rather than animalistic drives. Signup and view all the answers

In Rogers's person-centred theory, what is the single structural construct identified?

Self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What effect can conditional affection from parents have on children according to Rogers?

It leads to a blocked self-concept and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What does Maslow's concept of self-actualization refer to?

The need to fulfill one's potential. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of self-actualizing individuals according to Maslow?

They strive for personal growth and fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

What tends to happen to individuals with a highly incongruent self-concept?

They are likely to suffer recurring anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of behaviourism according to humanistic psychology?

It adopts a mechanistic and fragmented view of personality. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Figures and Theories in Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Founder of psychology, established the first formal psychology laboratory.
Edward Titchener: Developed structuralism, focusing on the structure of consciousness by analyzing basic elements of sensations.
William James (1842-1910): Developed functionalism, emphasizing the adaptive functions of consciousness.
John B. Watson (1878-1958): Founded behaviorism; believed that mental processes are private and not relevant to psychology, behavior can be studied objectively.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987): Humanistic psychologist, focused on the concept of self-actualization and the importance of the therapeutic relationship.
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): Behaviorist, known for operant conditioning and the idea that free will is an illusion.
Jean Piaget (1954): Developed a stage theory of cognitive development, detailing how children's thinking evolves.
Albert Bandura: Developed Social Learning Theory (observational learning).
Erik Erikson: Developed a stage theory of psychosocial development.
Abraham Maslow: Emphasized self-actualization in his hierarchy of needs.
Noam Chomsky: Contributed to cognitive psychology.

Key Schools of Thought

Structuralism: Analyzes the basic elements of consciousness (Wundt, Titchener).
Functionalism: Focuses on the adaptive functions of consciousness (James).
Behaviorism: Suggests behavior is learned and shaped by environmental factors (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner).
Psychoanalysis: Investigates unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of behavior (Freud).
Humanism: Emphasizes human potential, free will, and self-actualization (Rogers, Maslow).
Cognitive: Examines how people acquire, store, and process information (Piaget, Chomsky).
Biological/Neuroscience: Examines the physiological underpinnings of behavior (e.g., brain structure and function).
Evolutionary: Considers the adaptive value of behaviours and their evolutionary origins (Buss, Daly, Wilson).

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