Fundamentals of Nursing

• Fundamentals of Nursing is also known as NUR 200

Nursing: Art and Science

• Nursing is both an art and a science
• As an art, nursing involves compassionate care and respect for each patient’s dignity and individuality
• As a science, nursing practice relies on a continually evolving body of knowledge and evidence-based practices.
• Integrating the art and science of nursing ensures high-quality care for patients and their families

Nursing as a Profession

• In nursing, the patient is central, and depending on the setting, patients may include individuals, families, or communities
• Nursing addresses a variety of health care needs, knowledge, experiences, vulnerabilities, and expectations
• Clinical expertise requires commitment
• Skill-based nursing is challenging and rewarding
• Well-considered care with compassion benefits each patient

Scope and Standards of Practice

• Providing care requires specified service, adherence to standards, and a code of ethics
• Professional practice integrates knowledge from social, behavioral, biological, physiological sciences, and nursing theories
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) in 2021 emphasizes the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities
• The ANA focuses on illness/injury prevention, healing facilitation, suffering alleviation through compassionate presence
• In diagnosis and treatment the focus is on human response, advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations
• Recognition of the connection of all humanity occurs
• The International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 2021 encompasses autonomous and collaborative care for all individuals, families, groups, and communities
• Nursing encompasses the sick/well throughout all settings
• Nursing includes promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people
• Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, and in patient/health systems is critical

American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of Nursing Practice

• Assessment: Registered nurses collect pertinent data and information to determine the healthcare of a patient.
• Diagnosis: Registered nurses determine possible analysis of assessment issues.
• Outcomes Identification: Registered nurses identify individualized expected outcomes.
• Planning: Registered nurses develop the best practice plans and strategies to achieve any expected outcomes.
• Implementation: Registered nurses will then be tasked with implementing the said plan.
• Coordination of Care: Registered nurses coordinate healthcare delivery.
• Health Teaching and Health Promotion: Registered nurses have to employ strategies to teach and promote overal health and wellness.
• Evaluation: Registered nurses evaluate progress toward goals and outcomes.

American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of Professional Performance

• Ethics: Registered nurses integretate ethics related to all aspects of practice.

• Advocacy: Registered nurses demonstrare advocacy in all roles and settings.

• Respectful and Equitable Practice: Registered nurses practices with cultural humility and inclusiveness

• Communication: Registered nurses communicate effectively in all area in professional practice.

• Collaboration: Registered nurses collaborate with healthcare consumers and other stakeholders.

• Leadership: Registered nurses leads within the professional practice setting and the said profession.

• Education: Registered nurses need to seek knowledge and competence that reflect current nursing practice while promoting a futuristic way of thinking.

• Scholarly Inquiry: Registered nurses integrate scholarship, evidence, and research findings inside their daily practices.

• Quality of Practice: Registered nurses contribute high quality nursing practice.

• Professional Practice Evaluation: When becoming registered, nurses evaluate someone elsees and their own nursing practices

• Resource Stewardship: Registered nurses, plan, provide, and use evidence-based nursing services that are safe, and effective.

• Environmental Health: Registered nurses engage with environmental safety and health.

• Nursing code of ethics is a statement of philosophical ideals of right and wrong, defining principles for patient care

Professional Responsibilities and Roles

• Nurses provide care and comfort for all patients in all health care settings
• Meeting patient needs addresses health promotion, illness prevention, disease and symptom management, family support, and end-of-life care
• Autonomy and accountability are essential for professional nursing
• Nurse initiation of independent nursing interventions occurs without medical orders.
• As caregivers nurses help patients regain and maintain, manage disease and symptoms, and attain maximal function and independence
• As patient advocates nurses protect patient rights
• As educators nurses understand that education is fundamental to healing of health
• As communicators nurses understand effective communication is core to the relationship built with patients
• As managers nurses are collaborators in care centered decisions

Career Development

• The advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is the most independently functioning nurse.
• Most nurses provide direct patient care in acute care settings.
• An APRN must have doctorate degree or a master's degree -APRN advanced education focuses on pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment with certification and expertise

Career opportunities

• Clinical nurse specialist
• Nurse practitioner
• Certified nurse-midwife
• Certified registered nurse anesthetist
• Nurse educator roles are in school for nursing, staff development and in agencies
• Nurse educators possess clinical practice with practical skills and theoretical knowledge
• Nurse administrators are responsible managing nursing staff at health agencies
• Nurse researchers conduct studies regarding the latest and greatest

Historical Influences

• Knowledge of nursing history helps understanding the social and intellectual origins
• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
• Nightingale was the first nurse epidemiologist

Additional Historical Figures

• Statistical analysis connects sanitation issues
• Nightengale volunteered at the Crimean War in 1853
• Nightengale travelled with the lamp and was known as the “lady with the lamp.”
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
• Dorothea Lynde Dix, Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke), and Harriet Tubman were all essential figures
• Dix and Bickerdyke managed hospitals, ambulances, and cared for soldiers.
• Harriet Tubman took part in the Underground Railroad.
• Mary Mahoney was the first formally skilled African-American nurse.
• Mahoney advocated for respect and diversity
• Isabel Hampton Robb helped create Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada in 1896 (later ΑΝΑ)
• Robb authored nursing textbooks
• Mary Brewster and Lillian Wald opened the Henry Street Settlement in 1893, with a focus on health needs in NYC
• In the early 20th century, there was a movement towards evidence-based nursing knowledge
• Mary Adelaide Nutting became the first professor at Columbia Teachers College in 1906
• Specialty-nursing organizations developed the Magnet Recognition Program
• Examples of these groups are AORN, INS, ENA and ANA
• In 1990, the ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights
• Challenges in the 21st Century includes adapting practice and curriculums

Contemporary Influences In Nursing

• A central nursing principle is self-care and support
• Nursing is physically and emotionally taxing which causes burnout and grief
• Compassion fatigue is a result of prolonged emotional involvement with unimproved outcomes.
• Burnout is caused by lack of resources
• Stress and conflict skills should be taught
• Health care reform emphasizes health promotion, disease prevention, and community-based care
• Nurses need to adapt to changes by improving their skills, techniques, and processes
• The rising costs is a major topic that is covered
• Nurses will always be needed

Trends in Nursing: Summary

• Nursing is a dynamic skill which evolves over time
• Nursing develops with social changes, health care and the industry itself
• Philosophies now offer a holistic approach, addressing the people as a whole
• More awareness is being brought to patient safety
• Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is the standard
• Sound clinical judgements based on evidence is absolutely critical
• The media holds healthcare accountable, which is where EBP comes into play
• Health businesses are pushing for more EBP
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) works with the aim to equip nurses with the knowledge, skills to ensure quality
• QSEN highlights various competencies in patient-centered care, health, and informatics.
• The most current and top tech must be incorporated
• EHR is a major tech that should be adopted
• Genomics involves analyzing genes and their relations, impacting everything
• Nurses give genomic tests, identifying risk factors, and counseling patients

Public perception

• Nursing is an essential pillar and cornerstone to a healthy and efficient world
• Info should be easily viewed so everyone can stay updated

Impact on Politics and Health Policy

• Nurses hold more power in government
• Nurses can influence all aspects of health topics

Professional Registered Nurse Education

• With pre-licensure, most nurses are enrolled for 4 years, also knowns as (BSN/BSCN/BN)
• Graduate can take over with education and higher understanding for (APRNs) and similar paths
• There are high standards, such as nursing science, philosophy, and DNP with focuses for higher ups
• Most nurses seek in-service education in order to stay on top

Nursing Practices

• Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) must be followed
• Nurse must keep up to date by attending conferences and workshops
• Students are encouraged to participate the following associations such as (NSNA) and (CNSA)

Explore the art and science of nursing, focusing on patient outcomes, ethical care, and compassionate presence. Understand the core focus of nursing practice according to the ANA and ICN. Learn how nurses balance autonomous and collaborative care.