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Questions and Answers
What is a key disadvantage of a flat switch network?
What is a key disadvantage of a flat switch network?
- Complex troubleshooting processes
- High cost of implementation
- Advanced scalability options
- Poor security (correct)
Which layer of the hierarchical model is responsible for aggregating data from the access layer?
Which layer of the hierarchical model is responsible for aggregating data from the access layer?
- Core layer
- Distribution layer (correct)
- Access layer
- Network layer
What is an advantage of using a hierarchical model in networking?
What is an advantage of using a hierarchical model in networking?
- Less complexity in design
- No need for redundancy
- Requires minimal troubleshooting
- Allows for scalability (correct)
What does a protocol govern in data communications?
What does a protocol govern in data communications?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the hierarchical model?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the hierarchical model?
What is the primary function of the session layer in networking?
What is the primary function of the session layer in networking?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the transport layer?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the transport layer?
What does segmentation in the transport layer help with?
What does segmentation in the transport layer help with?
Why is segmentation beneficial in data transmission?
Why is segmentation beneficial in data transmission?
Which statement correctly describes the responsibilities of the session layer?
Which statement correctly describes the responsibilities of the session layer?
How does the transport layer ensure data integrity?
How does the transport layer ensure data integrity?
Which of the following protocols is an example of a session layer protocol?
Which of the following protocols is an example of a session layer protocol?
What defines a point-to-point line configuration in network architecture?
What defines a point-to-point line configuration in network architecture?
What is a key disadvantage of using segmented packets in data transmission?
What is a key disadvantage of using segmented packets in data transmission?
What does the transport layer convert data from the upper layer into?
What does the transport layer convert data from the upper layer into?
Which of the following protocols is characterized as connection-oriented?
Which of the following protocols is characterized as connection-oriented?
Which of the following best describes a multipoint connection?
Which of the following best describes a multipoint connection?
What is the simplest form of flow control mentioned?
What is the simplest form of flow control mentioned?
What is a characteristic of the network architecture mentioned?
What is a characteristic of the network architecture mentioned?
Which of the following describes a flat model in network design?
Which of the following describes a flat model in network design?
What role does sequencing play in connection-oriented data transfer?
What role does sequencing play in connection-oriented data transfer?
What is the primary purpose of network architecture?
What is the primary purpose of network architecture?
Which function does flow control primarily serve in data transmission?
Which function does flow control primarily serve in data transmission?
What is noted as a requirement for using segmented packets in data transmission?
What is noted as a requirement for using segmented packets in data transmission?
What does a 'link' refer to in data communication architecture?
What does a 'link' refer to in data communication architecture?
In which stage of a connection-oriented service does a connection request occur?
In which stage of a connection-oriented service does a connection request occur?
Which option best represents a characteristic of multipoint connections?
Which option best represents a characteristic of multipoint connections?
Why are standards important in network architecture?
Why are standards important in network architecture?
What happens during the data transfer phase of a connection-oriented service?
What happens during the data transfer phase of a connection-oriented service?
What characteristics are defined by physical layer specifications?
What characteristics are defined by physical layer specifications?
Which layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the OSI model's Transport layer?
Which layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the OSI model's Transport layer?
Which statement best describes one of the shortcomings of the TCP/IP model?
Which statement best describes one of the shortcomings of the TCP/IP model?
What does the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model correspond to in the OSI model?
What does the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model correspond to in the OSI model?
What is a function of the Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model?
What is a function of the Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic defined by physical layer specifications?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic defined by physical layer specifications?
Which of the following technologies cannot be described by the TCP/IP model?
Which of the following technologies cannot be described by the TCP/IP model?
Which layer of the TCP/IP model includes aspects of the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model?
Which layer of the TCP/IP model includes aspects of the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model?
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Study Notes
Networking Foundations
- Network architecture refers to the design of communication networks, defining physical components and their functional organization.
- It is mainly expressed through internet protocol suites that outline communication standards.
Data Communication Architecture
- Network Line Configuration: Dictates how communication devices connect over a link.
- Point-to-point: A dedicated link connecting only two devices, functioning as a unicast connection.
- Multipoint: Multiple devices share a single communication link, involving a single channel and a single transmitter.
Network Design Models
-
Flat Model: Characterized by a single collision domain, suited for small networks.
- Advantages: Easier design, implementation, maintenance, and diagnosis.
- Disadvantages: Poor security, no redundancy, limited speed, scalability issues, lack of network layers.
-
Hierarchical Model: Comprises three layers, each serving distinct functions.
- Access Layer: Focuses on service availability and port security.
- Distribution Layer: Aggregates data from access layer; handles redundancy and load balancing.
- Core Layer: Acts as the network backbone, connecting multiple networks with high-speed performance.
- Advantages: Enhanced security, better performance, scalability, easier troubleshooting.
- Disadvantages: Complexity in design and implementation.
Network Protocols and Standards
- A protocol is a set of rules for data communication, defining content, method, and timing of communications.
- Protocol functions include session management, data synchronization, and error handling.
- The transport layer manages message order and segmentation.
- Connection Control: Can be connection-oriented (establishes a logical connection) or connectionless.
- TCP exemplifies connection-oriented service, ensuring messages are sequenced.
Transport Layer Functions
-
Segmentation: Breaks messages into smaller units, each tagged with a sequence number for reassembly.
- Advantages include efficient error control and optimized resource allocation.
- Disadvantages involve potential data loss from missing segments and increased processing time.
-
Service-point Addressing: Adds headers containing service-point addresses for accurate data transmission.
-
Flow Control: Manages data rate sent by a transmitting station, employing techniques such as stop-and-wait or the sliding window method.
TCP/IP Reference Model
- Developed by the Department of Defense for robust data integrity during communications.
- Consists of four layers instead of the OSI's seven:
- Application Layer: Protocols for node-to-node application communication.
- Host-to-Host Layer: Similar to OSI Transport layer; manages transmission services.
- Internet Layer: Functions like OSI Network layer; manages logical transmission of packets.
- Network Access Layer: Combines OSI's Data Link and Physical layers, addressing hardware protocols.
Shortcomings of TCP/IP
- Lacks clear distinctions between service, interface, and protocol.
- Not generic; fails to represent protocols outside of TCP/IP, like Bluetooth.
- The host-to-network layer lacks proper layering structure in the TCP/IP model.
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