Questions and Answers
What is a primary advantage of mainframe computing?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of cloud computing?
Which benefit is typically associated with client-server computing?
What is a common concern with mainframe systems?
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Which benefit of cloud computing aids in disaster recovery?
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What is a downside of maintaining legacy systems?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of knowledge?
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Which is a key concern regarding cloud computing?
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What is the primary importance of knowledge within an organization?
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How do successful companies utilize knowledge?
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What challenge do companies face regarding knowledge sharing?
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Which statement best describes a Denial of Service (DoS) attack?
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What is a key consequence of poor knowledge management in organizations?
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What differentiates the organizations that often succeed in their industries?
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Why is it crucial for companies to protect their knowledge?
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What does systematic acquisition of knowledge through scientific methods ensure?
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What is the primary goal of a logic attack?
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Which of the following describes a flooding attack?
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What are Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks known for?
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What is a common method used in a SYN attack?
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What technique does a Smurf attack utilize?
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In a Ping Flooding Attack, the attacker mainly utilizes which type of packets?
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What is the result of a Bandwidth Reap attack?
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Which statement is true about a Buffer Overflow attack?
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What is a primary method to handle the traffic from a suspicious source?
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Which of the following is a concern when dealing with distributed computing?
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What is a limitation of tracing back packets to identify the source of an attack?
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What role do traffic cleaning centers play in attack mitigation?
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Which of the following would NOT be a recommended action after tracing back packets?
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What is the final step that the attacker does not complete in a SYN attack?
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Which of the following describes a key feature of a SMURF attack?
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What type of packets does a FRAGGLE attack use?
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What happens during a PING flooding attack?
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How does a UDP flooding attack affect the target machine?
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What is a common characteristic of all the attacks described?
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What type of attack uses ICMP packets with a spoofed source IP?
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Which of the following attacks is characterized by the interaction between three machines?
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Study Notes
Computer Systems Overview
- Centralized computing emerged in the early 1960s with the use of mainframes.
- Distributed computing includes client-server architecture and cloud computing.
Mainframes
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Advantages:
- Centralized data management.
- Capable of handling large quantities of data.
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Disadvantages:
- Large physical size affects management.
- High costs associated with implementation and maintenance.
Client-Server Architecture
- Facilitates communication between multiple clients and a centralized server.
Cloud Computing
- Offerings typically include cost efficiency, flexibility, agility, and enhanced management capabilities.
- Security and business continuity are significant benefits.
Mainframes vs. Cloud Solutions
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Mainframes:
- Known for reliability, superior uptime, performance, and extensive security features.
- Support legacy systems and compliance with data sovereignty.
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Cloud Solutions:
- Highly cost-effective and agile while managing maintenance.
- Concerns include dependency on internet connectivity, unexpected costs, and security/privacy issues.
Knowledge in Organizations
- Knowledge is defined as justified, true belief assessed for reliability.
- It encompasses facts, skills, concepts, and theories validated through scientific methods.
- Acquiring knowledge is crucial for distinguishing successful organizations.
Knowledge Sharing Challenges
- Companies face difficulties in allowing secure sharing of knowledge.
- Need for creating comprehensive, secure systems for knowledge management to maintain competitive advantage.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks
- Defined as actions that render one or more computer systems unavailable for regular functions.
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Types of DoS Attacks:
- Logic attacks exploit software vulnerabilities to crash servers.
- Flooding attacks overwhelm systems with excessive requests.
DoS Attack Examples
- Logic Attack: "Ping of Death" sends a large packet to crash servers.
- Flooding Attack: Techniques include SYN flood, ICMP flood, and buffer overflow.
Common DoS Attack Methods
- Bandwidth Reap: Floods the network using many machines to block legitimate access.
- SYN Attack: Exploits TCP handshake to fill the connection table, denying access to legitimate users.
- SMURF Attack: Utilizes third-party servers to amplify responses to the victim machine.
- Fraggle Attack: Similar to SMURF but uses UDP echo packets.
- Ping Flooding Attack: Sends a massive number of ICMP ping requests, effective when the attacker's bandwidth is higher than the target.
- UDP Flooding Attack: Consumes target resources with high volumes of UDP packets, leading to potential crashes.
Mitigation Strategies for DoS Attacks
- Rate limiting on known attack traffic types.
- Black hole filtering to redirect harmful traffic away from networks.
- Utilization of vendor services for traffic cleaning to prioritize legitimate web traffic.
Distributed Computing Concerns
- Organizations must have comprehensive security plans to protect data in distributed computing environments.
- Key issues include risks of data leaks, accountability, fostering a security culture, and managing ongoing expenses.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of computer systems, including centralized and distributed computing models. It will explore mainframes, client-server architectures, and cloud computing. Additionally, it addresses the advantages and disadvantages of these systems in the context of cybersecurity and digital forensics.
