Fundamental Counting Principle and Permutations
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Questions and Answers

In a scenario with limited possible outcomes, what visual tool is most effective for determining all possibilities?

  • Tree diagram (correct)
  • Venn diagram
  • Scatter plot
  • Histogram

How many different outfits can be made from 4 shirts and 3 pairs of pants?

  • 10
  • 24
  • 7
  • 12 (correct)

What is a permutation?

  • A combination of objects where repetition is allowed
  • An arrangement of objects in a specific order, without repetition (correct)
  • A selection of objects where order does not matter
  • The number of ways to divide a set into smaller groups

In how many ways can a president, a secretary, and a treasurer be chosen from a group of 10 people?

<p>720 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the expression $\frac{7!}{5!}$, what is its simplified value?

<p>42 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different four-letter words can be formed from the letters of the word RAINBOW, assuming each letter is used only once?

<p>840 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simplify the following expression: $\frac{(n+2)!}{n!}$

<p>$(n+2)(n+1)$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of 1! + 0!?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A restaurant offers 4 appetizers, 6 main courses, and 3 desserts. If a customer wants to order one item from each category, how many different meal combinations are possible?

<p>72 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A password must be 6 characters long. The characters can be either upper-case letters (A-Z) or digits (0-9). How many different passwords are possible if characters can be repeated?

<p>36^6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is creating a schedule of classes. They must choose 1 of 3 math courses, 1 of 4 science courses, and 1 of 2 history courses. How many different schedules can be created?

<p>24 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A car manufacturer offers a car in 5 different colors, with 3 different engine options, and with or without a sunroof. How many different versions of the car can be manufactured?

<p>30 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pizza shop allows customers to choose one crust from 3 options (thin, regular, deep-dish), one cheese from 4 options (cheddar, mozzarella, provolone, parmesan) and one topping from 5 options (pepperoni, sausage, mushrooms, olives, peppers). How many different pizzas can be ordered?

<p>60 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A website requires a user to create a PIN consisting of 4 digits. Digits can be repeated. If the first digit cannot be zero, then how many different PINs are possible?

<p>9000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different 3-letter codes can be formed from the letters of the word 'PROBLEM', if each letter can only be used once in each code?

<p>210 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sarah wants to set up an aquarium. She has 7 choices for fish, 4 choices for plants, and 3 choices for substrate. If she decides she wants one of each in her aquarium, how many different aquariums can she create?

<p>84 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between an experiment, sample space, and event?

<p>An event is a subset of the sample space, which results from an experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a sample space $U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}$ and an event $A = {2, 4, 6, 8}$, what is the complement of A (A')?

<p>$\ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In probability, what distinguishes a simple event from a compound event?

<p>A simple event involves a single outcome, while a compound event involves two or more outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Events A and B are mutually exclusive. If P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4, what is the probability of either A or B occurring (P(A∪B))?

<p>0.7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two events are NOT mutually exclusive, what does this imply?

<p>The events can occur at the same time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sample space in probability?

<p>It is the collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fair six-sided die is rolled. Event A is rolling an even number, and Event B is rolling a number greater than 4. What is P(A)?

<p>1/2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the formula for probability, what does the numerator represent?

<p>The number of outcomes in an event. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A jar contains 4 red, 6 green, 3 blue, and 7 yellow marbles. A marble is chosen randomly, and without replacing it, a second marble is chosen. What is the probability of choosing a red marble first and then a blue marble?

<p>1/33 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A box contains 5 white, 7 black, and 3 orange balls. Two balls are drawn without replacement. What is the probability that the first ball is white and the second is black?

<p>7/30 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a class of 25 students, 10 are taking French, 8 are taking Spanish, and 3 are taking both. If a student is chosen at random, what is the probability they are only taking French?

<p>2/5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bag contains 5 red marbles, 3 blue marbles, and 2 green marbles. Two marbles are drawn with replacement. What is the probability that both marbles are red?

<p>1/4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are 20 computers, 4 of which are defective. If three computers are chosen at random for testing, what is the probability that all three are defective if the computers are not replaced?

<p>1/285 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A box contains 50 light bulbs, 5 of which are defective. If two light bulbs are randomly selected without replacement, what is the probability that the both are defective?

<p>1/245 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fair six-sided die is rolled twice. What is the probability of rolling an even number on the first roll and a number greater than 4 on the second roll?

<p>1/6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a shipment of 25 items, 5 are defective. If two items are chosen at random, what is the probability that neither is defective?

<p>38/75 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 7}, what is the intersection of sets A and B (A Ç B)?

<p>{2, 4, 6} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coin is tossed three times. What represents the probability of getting either all heads or exactly one head?

<p>$1/8 + 3/8$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula to calculate the probability of the union of two inclusive events A and B?

<p>P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AÇB) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If event A is 'drawing a 3 from a set of numbers 1 to 6' and event B is 'drawing an even number from the same set', what is P(AUB)?

<p>1/2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In probability, what distinguishes independent events from dependent events?

<p>Independent events have no influence on each other’s outcomes, while dependent events do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A number is selected from 1 to 15. Event A is 'divisible by 3' and event B is 'divisible by 4'. What is the probability of P(AÇB)?

<p>1/15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Events A and B are independent. If P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.2, what is the probability of both A and B occurring?

<p>0.12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting an even number OR a five?

<p>2/3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does AÇB represent in probability theory?

<p>The event that both A and B occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. Two balls are drawn without replacement. What concept is important for calculating the probability of drawing a blue ball on the second draw, given that a red ball was drawn first?

<p>Conditional Probability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where event A influences event B, altering its probability, which formula accurately calculates the probability of both events A and B occurring?

<p>$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B \text{ following } A)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A box contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. Two balls are drawn without replacement. What is the probability that the first ball is red and the second ball is blue?

<p>15/56 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bag contains 4 white marbles and 6 black marbles. Two marbles are drawn in succession without replacement. What is the probability that both marbles are black?

<p>1/3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From a standard deck of 52 cards, two cards are drawn without replacement. What is the probability that the first card is a King and the second card is a Queen?

<p>4/663 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a class, 30% of students failed a math test and 20% failed both math and English tests. What percentage of students who failed the math test also failed the English test?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A box contains 7 apples and 3 oranges. If two fruits are picked at random without replacement, what is the probability that the first fruit is an apple and the second is an orange?

<p>7/15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A jar contains 5 blue marbles and 4 red marbles. Two marbles are selected at random without replacement. What is the probability that the first marble is blue, and the second is also blue?

<p>5/18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a shipment of 15 items, 4 are defective. If two items are randomly selected without replacement, what is the probability that both items are defective?

<p>2/35 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fundamental Counting Principle

If Event 1 can occur in m ways and Event 2 in n ways, then together they can occur in (m)(n) ways.

Tree Diagram

A visual representation showing all possible outcomes of events.

Sample Space

The set of all possible outcomes of an event.

Outfit Combinations

The number of different outfits that can be formed based on items available.

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Event 1

The first event in a sequence of events, affecting the outcome of subsequent events.

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Event 2

The second event that occurs after Event 1, influenced by its outcomes.

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Outcomes Table

A table showing possible outcomes where rows and columns represent different events.

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Combinatorial Maths

A branch of mathematics concerning combinations of objects in specific sets.

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Complement of an Event

The set of all sample points not in event A, denoted as A’.

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Experiment

A process leading to a single outcome that cannot be predicted with certainty.

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Outcome

A possible result of an experiment or trial.

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Sample Point

The most basic outcome of an experiment.

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Union of Sets

The event that occurs if either A or B or both happen, denoted by AUB.

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Mutually Exclusive Events

Two events that cannot occur simultaneously.

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Probability Formula

P(E) = number of outcomes in event / total number of outcomes in the sample space.

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Permutation

Ways to arrange a set of items without repetition.

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nPr Notation

Represents permutations of r elements from a set of n.

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Factorial Notation

Product of all positive integers up to n, denoted n!.

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Combinations vs Permutations

Permutations involve order; combinations do not.

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Example of Permutation

How many ways to arrange 4 children from 8?

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Factorial of Zero

By definition, 0! is equal to 1.

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FCP (Fundamental Counting Principle)

If one event can occur in m ways and another in n, then total ways are m × n.

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Dependent Events

Events where the outcome of one affects the probability of another.

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Probability of Dependent Events

The probability of two dependent events A and B is P(A) x P(B following A).

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Without Replacement

A sampling method where selected items are not placed back for further selection.

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Defective Computers Probability

Calculating probabilities of defective items when previous selections affect totals.

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Multiple Variable Probability

Probability calculations involving several events, each affecting the next.

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Card Selection Example

Choosing cards successively from a deck influences the probability of each subsequent card.

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P(A) Calculation

The probability of selecting the first event, like a card or item, from a set before others.

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Percent Passed Test

Finding the percentage of students who passed both tests given the numbers for one test.

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Divisible by 3 Probability

P(A) = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}/15 representing numbers divisible by 3.

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Total Marbles

Total number of marbles in the jar is 16.

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Probability of Combined Events

P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A) for dependent events.

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Defective Computers

Three defective computers affecting the selection process.

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Updated Probability after Selection

Probability changes after choosing one defective: P(new) = P(defective left)/remaining total.

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Union of Sets (AUB)

The event that contains all elements in A or B.

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Intersection of Sets (AÇB)

The event that occurs when both sets A and B overlap.

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Probability of an Event

The likelihood of a specific event occurring.

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Inclusive Events

Events that can occur together without restriction.

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Getting Even Numbers

The probability of drawing an even number from a set.

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Tossing a Coin (Probabilities)

Calculating outcomes when flipping a coin multiple times.

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Study Notes

Fundamental Counting Principle

  • The Fundamental Counting Principle (FCP) is used to determine the total number of possible outcomes when multiple events occur.
  • If Event 1 has m possible outcomes and Event 2 has n possible outcomes, then the total number of outcomes for both events is m multiplied by n.
  • The second event is not influenced by the first. This principle is based on multiplying the potential outcomes of each event.

Permutation

  • A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order.

  • The order matters in permutations.

  • Permutations without repetition: nPr = n! / (n-r)! where n is the total number of items and r is the number of items selected.

  • Calculating the number of possible arrangements by multiplying the number of choices for each position.

  • Example using the word "SUNDAY" to form three-letter words: (n=6, r=3) - gives 120 possible three-letter words

  • Permutation with Repetition: n! / (p! q!)

Factorial Notation

  • n! (n factorial) is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.
  • 0! = 1

Circular Permutation

  • Circular permutations arrange items around a circle.
  • Formula: (n-1)! where n is the number of items.

Combination

  • A combination is a selection of objects where the order does not matter.
  • Formula: nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!) where n is the total number of items and r is the number of items selected

Probability

  • Probability quantifies the likelihood of an event occurring.

  • The probability of an event is the ratio of favorable outcomes to total possible outcomes.

  • Probability values range from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).

  • Probability of Union of Mutually Exclusive Events:

    • P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)
  • Probability of Union of Inclusive Events:

    • P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
  • Probability of Independent Events:

    • P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B)
  • Probability of Dependent Events:

    • P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B|A)
  • Conditional Probability:

    • P(B|A) = P(A∩B) / P(A)

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Explore the fundamental counting principle (FCP) and permutations. FCP helps determine total outcomes when multiple independent events occur. Permutations arrange objects in a specific order, where the order matters, and can be calculated with or without repetition.

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