Fundamental Concepts of Physics

Definition: Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches:
- Mechanics: Motion, forces, and energy.
- Thermodynamics: Heat, work, and energy transformations.
- Electromagnetism: Electric and magnetic fields, and their interactions.
- Optics: Behavior and properties of light.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Effects of high speeds and gravitational fields on time and space.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon.
- Second Law (F=ma): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object times its acceleration.
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant.
Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy is conserved in all processes.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.
Electromagnetic Theory:
- Coulomb's Law: The force between two point charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- Faraday's Law of Induction: A changing magnetic field can induce an electric current.

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches of physics include mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, quantum mechanics, and relativity.

Newton's Laws of Motion: objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion stay in motion unless acted on by a force (first law). The force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration (second law). For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (third law).
Conservation Laws: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (conservation of energy). The total momentum of a closed system remains constant (conservation of momentum).
Thermodynamics: Energy is conserved in all processes (first law). The entropy of an isolated system always increases over time (second law).
Electromagnetic Theory: The force between two point charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (Coulomb's Law). A changing magnetic field can induce an electric current (Faraday's Law of Induction).

Kinematics: (d = vt + \frac{1}{2}at^2) where d is distance, v is initial velocity, a is acceleration, and t is time.
Work: (W = Fd\cos(\theta)) where W is work, F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors.
Kinetic Energy: (KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2) where KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity.
Potential Energy: (PE = mgh) where PE is potential energy, m is mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is height.
Ohm's Law: (V = IR) where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

Physics plays a crucial role in engineering, medicine, environmental science, and technology.
- Engineering: Design and analysis of structures and machines.
- Medicine: Imaging technologies like MRI and X-rays.
- Environmental Science: Understanding climate dynamics and energy systems.
- Technology: Development of electronic devices and materials.

Isaac Newton: Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Albert Einstein: Formulated the theory of relativity and contributed significantly to quantum theory.
Niels Bohr: Developed a model of the atom that incorporated quantum mechanics.
James Clerk Maxwell: Formulated the laws of electromagnetism.

Quantum Computing: Uses quantum states for computation.
Particle Physics: Studies fundamental particles and forces.
Cosmology: Studies the origin, evolution, and ultimate fate of the universe.