Fundamental Concepts of Physics

Physics Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Motion of objects and forces.
- Electromagnetism: Electric and magnetic fields and their interactions.
- Thermodynamics: Heat, energy transfer, and laws of thermodynamic systems.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: The effects of gravity and the structure of space-time.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
1. First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
2. Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant.

Force: A push or pull on an object, measured in Newtons (N).
Energy: The ability to do work, measured in Joules (J). Types include:
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion.
- Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position or configuration.
Work: The transfer of energy via force applied over a distance (W = F × d).

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per unit time.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
Sound:
- A longitudinal wave that travels through a medium.
- Speed of sound varies with the medium (faster in solids than in gases).

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of all types of light waves, from radio waves to gamma rays.
Reflection and Refraction:
- Reflection: Bouncing back of light from a surface.
- Refraction: Bending of light when passing from one medium to another.
Lenses:
- Converging (convex) lenses focus light; diverging (concave) lenses spread light.

Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter resulting in electric forces.
Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): V = I × R.
Magnetic Fields: Produced by moving electric charges; affect other charges and materials.

Quantum Theory: Explains the behavior of matter and energy on very small scales, introducing concepts like quantization, wave-particle duality.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time and space are interwoven; time dilation occurs at high speeds.
- General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of space-time caused by mass.

Engineering: Application of physics principles to design structures, machines, and systems.
Medicine: Use of physics in medical imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRIs).
Technology: Development of electronics, telecommunications, and renewable energy sources.

Definition: Physics examines matter, energy, and their interactions.
Branches:
- Classical Mechanics: Focuses on motion and forces affecting objects.
- Electromagnetism: Studies electric and magnetic fields and their interplay.
- Thermodynamics: Involves heat transfer, energy, and thermodynamic laws.
- Quantum Mechanics: Explores particle behavior at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Investigates gravity's effects and the structure of space-time.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: Objects maintain their state of rest or uniform motion unless influenced by external forces.
- Second Law: Describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma).
- Third Law: States that every action creates an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy remains constant; it can only change forms.
- Conservation of Momentum: Momentum in a closed system does not change.

Force: A measured push or pull acting on an object, expressed in Newtons (N).
Energy: The capacity to perform work, represented in Joules (J) with types including:
- Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy related to an object's motion.
- Potential Energy (PE): Energy due to an object’s position or configuration.
Work: Energy transfer from force exerted over distance (W = F × d).

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Measures the distance between consecutive wave peaks.
- Frequency: Number of wave cycles per unit time.
- Amplitude: Indicates the highest point of displacement from equilibrium.
Sound: A longitudinal wave needing a medium to travel; its speed varies by medium, being fastest in solids.

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Encompasses all light wave types, from radio waves to gamma rays.
Reflection and Refraction:
- Reflection: Occurs when light bounces off a surface.
- Refraction: Light changes direction upon entering a different medium.
Lenses:
- Converging (Convex) Lenses: Focus light beams.
- Diverging (Concave) Lenses: Dispense light beams.

Electric Charge: A core property of matter responsible for electric forces.
Ohm's Law: Expresses the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) as V = I × R.
Magnetic Fields: Generated by moving charges, influencing other charges and materials.

Quantum Theory: Addresses matter and energy behavior at microscopic scales, introducing concepts like quantization and wave-particle duality.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Explores the interconnectedness of time and space and the phenomenon of time dilation at high speeds.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as a curvature of space-time resulting from mass.

Engineering: Utilizes physics principles for designing structures, machinery, and systems.
Medicine: Applies physics in medical imaging technologies like X-rays and MRIs.
Technology: Drives advancements in electronics, telecommunications, and renewable energy initiatives.