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Questions and Answers
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
What is the function of the ophthalmic nerve?
What is the function of the ophthalmic nerve?
Which infection can cause painful sensations along the path of the trigeminal nerve?
Which infection can cause painful sensations along the path of the trigeminal nerve?
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
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Where does the main trunk of the mandibular nerve give off sensory and motor branches?
Where does the main trunk of the mandibular nerve give off sensory and motor branches?
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Which muscles receive motor branches from the mandibular nerve?
Which muscles receive motor branches from the mandibular nerve?
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What can lesions of the maxillary nerve cause?
What can lesions of the maxillary nerve cause?
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Where does the motor root of the mandibular nerve originate from?
Where does the motor root of the mandibular nerve originate from?
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Through which opening do the fibers of Cranial Nerve VI enter the orbit?
Through which opening do the fibers of Cranial Nerve VI enter the orbit?
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Which muscles are innervated by the posterior division of the mandibular nerve?
Which muscles are innervated by the posterior division of the mandibular nerve?
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What is the sensory function of Cranial Nerve VII?
What is the sensory function of Cranial Nerve VII?
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Through which structure do the fibers of Cranial Nerve VII travel?
Through which structure do the fibers of Cranial Nerve VII travel?
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What is the primary muscle innervated by Cranial Nerve VI?
What is the primary muscle innervated by Cranial Nerve VI?
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What branches does the posterior division of the mandibular nerve divide into?
What branches does the posterior division of the mandibular nerve divide into?
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What are the motor functions associated with the facial nerve?
What are the motor functions associated with the facial nerve?
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What happens if there is an injury to the Abducens nerve?
What happens if there is an injury to the Abducens nerve?
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What is the function of the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
What is the function of the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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Which muscle is not innervated by the vagus nerve?
Which muscle is not innervated by the vagus nerve?
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What is the result of palsy of the IX nerve on taste?
What is the result of palsy of the IX nerve on taste?
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What is the main motor function of the vagus nerve?
What is the main motor function of the vagus nerve?
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Through which foramen does the vagus nerve leave the skull?
Through which foramen does the vagus nerve leave the skull?
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Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
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What is the effect of palsy of the vagus nerve on the soft palate?
What is the effect of palsy of the vagus nerve on the soft palate?
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Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
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Which branch of the facial nerve transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which branch of the facial nerve transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which branch of the facial nerve transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which branch of the facial nerve transmits taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
Which cranial nerve shares a common sheath with the vagus nerve?
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What is the main difference between the branches of the maxillary nerve and the mandibular nerve?
What is the main difference between the branches of the maxillary nerve and the mandibular nerve?
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What is the primary function of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve?
What is the primary function of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial nerve?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the facial nerve?
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Study Notes
Trigeminal Nerve
- Forehead and eye are innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
- Face is innervated by the maxillary nerve
- Mastication (chewing) muscles are innervated by the mandibular nerve
- Cornea, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, and conjunctiva are supplied sensory innervation by the ophthalmic nerve
- Mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, and the skin of the eyelids, eyebrow, forehead, and nose are also supplied by the ophthalmic nerve
- Infections of the trigeminal ganglion can cause painful sensations along the path of the trigeminal nerve (e.g., shingles)
- Areas innervated by the ophthalmic nerve are mostly affected by infections of the trigeminal ganglion
Maxillary Nerve
- Branches of the maxillary nerve include: zygomatic nerve, nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerve, greater and lesser palatine nerves, and pharyngeal nerve
- Zygomatic nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure
- Lesions of the maxillary nerve can cause intense hot and cold sensations in the teeth
Mandibular Nerve
- Main trunk of the mandibular nerve gives off sensory and motor branches in the infratemporal fossa, near the skull base
- Motor branches of the mandibular nerve innervate: tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and muscles involved in mastication (e.g., temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles)
- Motor root of the mandibular nerve originates from the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- Mandibular division of the nerve passes between the medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini muscles
- Anterior division of the mandibular nerve produces motor branches for the masticatory muscles and the buccal nerve
- Posterior division of the mandibular nerve divides into: auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves
- Posterior division of the mandibular nerve innervates: anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle
Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)
- Fibers of Cranial Nerve VI leave from the inferior pons
- Fibers of Cranial Nerve VI enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
- Cranial Nerve VI primarily innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye
- Injury to the Abducens nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to difficulty in moving the eye laterally
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
- Fibers of Cranial Nerve VII travel through the internal acoustic meatus and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face
- Motor functions of Cranial Nerve VII include: facial expression and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
- Sensory function of Cranial Nerve VII includes taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via the chorda tympani
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
- Lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the mucous membrane of the posterior (base) third of the tongue, including sensory and taste fibers
- Palsy of the IX nerve can result in loss of taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and loss of sensation of the soft palate
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
- Main motor fibers of the vagus nerve are responsible for parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
- Vagus nerve leaves the skull through the lateral part of the jugular foramen
- Vagus nerve shares a common sheath with Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve forms the superior ganglion in the jugular foramen
- Palsy of the Vagus nerve can result in soft palate and uvula deviation, vocal cord paralysis, and other autonomic dysfunction
Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)
- Formed by a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord
- Spinal root of the accessory nerve enters the cranium through the foramen magnum
Facial Nerve
- Supplied by parasympathetic function: submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal mucous glands, and lacrimal glands
- Two roots travel through the internal acoustic meatus, a 1cm long opening in the petrous part of the temporal bone
- Within the facial canal, the two roots fuse to form the facial nerve, and the nerve forms the geniculate ganglion
- Gives rise to: greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic fibers to mucous glands and lacrimal gland), nerve to stapedius, and chorda tympani
- First extracranial branch: posterior auricular nerve
- Splits into five branches within the parotid gland: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical
- Branches innervate muscles of facial expression
- Intracranial lesions: muscles of facial expression will be paralyzed or severely weakened
- Symptoms of intracranial lesion:
- Reduced salivation and loss of taste on the ipsilateral 2/3 of the tongue (related to Chorda tympani)
- Ipsilateral hyperacusis (hypersensitive to sound) (related to Nerve to stapedius)
Trigeminal Nerve
- Motor fibers supplied by: mandibular nerve (V3)
- Function: mastication (temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles)
- Ophthalmic nerve supplies sensory innervation to: cornea, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, and conjunctiva
- Ophthalmic nerve also supplies nerves to: mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, and the skin of the eyelids, eyebrow, forehead, and nose
- Infections of the trigeminal ganglion by herpes zoster virus (shingles) cause painful sensations along the path of the trigeminal nerve
- Areas affected by infections of the trigeminal ganglion: areas innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary Nerve
- Branches: zygomatic nerve, nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerve, greater and lesser palatine nerves, pharyngeal nerve
- Zygomatic nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure
- Trigeminal neuralgia: characterized by severe pain in the face and jaw
- Lesions of the maxillary nerve cause: intense hot and cold sensations in the teeth
Mandibular Nerve
- Main trunk gives off sensory and motor branches in the infratemporal fossa, near the skull base
- Motor branches: tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and muscles involved in mastication (temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid)
- Motor root originates from the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- Mandibular division passes between the medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini muscles
- Anterior division produces: motor branches for the masticatory muscles and the buccal nerve
- Posterior division divides into: auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves
- Posterior division innervates: anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle
Abducent Nerve
- Fibers originate from the inferior pons
- Fibers enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
- Primarily innervates the lateral rectus muscle, abducting the eye
- Injury to the Abducent nerve: weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to difficulty in moving the eye laterally
Facial Nerve
- Supplied by parasympathetic function: submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal mucous glands, and lacrimal glands
- Two roots travel through the internal acoustic meatus, a 1cm long opening in the petrous part of the temporal bone
- Within the facial canal, the two roots fuse to form the facial nerve, and the nerve forms the geniculate ganglion
- Gives rise to: greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic fibers to mucous glands and lacrimal gland), nerve to stapedius, and chorda tympani
- First extracranial branch: posterior auricular nerve
- Splits into five branches within the parotid gland: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical
- Branches innervate muscles of facial expression
- Intracranial lesions: muscles of facial expression will be paralyzed or severely weakened
- Symptoms of intracranial lesion:
- Reduced salivation and loss of taste on the ipsilateral 2/3 of the tongue (related to Chorda tympani)
- Ipsilateral hyperacusis (hypersensitive to sound) (related to Nerve to stapedius)
Trigeminal Nerve
- Motor fibers supplied by: mandibular nerve (V3)
- Function: mastication (temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles)
- Ophthalmic nerve supplies sensory innervation to: cornea, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, and conjunctiva
- Ophthalmic nerve also supplies nerves to: mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, and the skin of the eyelids, eyebrow, forehead, and nose
- Infections of the trigeminal ganglion by herpes zoster virus (shingles) cause painful sensations along the path of the trigeminal nerve
- Areas affected by infections of the trigeminal ganglion: areas innervated by the ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary Nerve
- Branches: zygomatic nerve, nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerve, greater and lesser palatine nerves, pharyngeal nerve
- Zygomatic nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure
- Trigeminal neuralgia: characterized by severe pain in the face and jaw
- Lesions of the maxillary nerve cause: intense hot and cold sensations in the teeth
Mandibular Nerve
- Main trunk gives off sensory and motor branches in the infratemporal fossa, near the skull base
- Motor branches: tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and muscles involved in mastication (temporalis, masseter, and lateral and medial pterygoid)
- Motor root originates from the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
- Mandibular division passes between the medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini muscles
- Anterior division produces: motor branches for the masticatory muscles and the buccal nerve
- Posterior division divides into: auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves
- Posterior division innervates: anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle
Abducent Nerve
- Fibers originate from the inferior pons
- Fibers enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
- Primarily innervates the lateral rectus muscle, abducting the eye
- Injury to the Abducent nerve: weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to difficulty in moving the eye laterally
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