Sensations from the Head and Face
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the area involved in postural adjustment during voluntary distal movements?

  • Initiating automatic associative movements
  • Controlling motor activity of articulate speech
  • Adjusting posture during voluntary distal movements (correct)
  • Inhibiting muscle tone

    • What is the function of Broca's area?

  • Skilled movements of the hand and fingers
  • Controlling motor activity of articulate speech (correct)
  • Directing head rotation towards visual objects
  • Controlling voluntary movements of the eye balls

    • Where is the supplemental motor area located?

  • In the basal ganglia
  • In the premotor area of the frontal lobe
  • In the lower medial side of the frontal lobe
  • In the upper medial side of the frontal lobe (correct)

    • What is the function of the supplemental motor area?

    <p>Evolving complex movements involving both sides of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the area involved in controlling skilled movements of the hand and fingers?

    <p>Area of hand skills (Exener's area)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the premotor area and the supplemental motor area together?

    <p>Providing a suitable background for fine skilled movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries somatic sensations from the head?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for pain felt in the head region?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an extracranial headache?

    <p>Error of refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the basal part of the dura that is pain sensitive?

    <p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pain arises from structures above the tentorium cerebelli, where is the pain felt?

    <p>In the front of the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a brain tissue cause of intracranial headache?

    <p>Brain tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nerve that carries proprioceptive sensations from the mandibular muscles?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a psychogenic headache?

    <p>Emotional tension with excessive contraction and spasm of the scalp and neck muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of brain tumours that lead to pressure, traction, and irritation of intracranial pain sensitive structures?

    <p>Brain tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of removing about 20 ml of CSF, especially if the person is erect?

    <p>Traction on the meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of hypertension in regards to vascular headaches?

    <p>Over-distension of the wall of the intracranial arteries with each cardiac cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of migraine in regards to vascular headaches?

    <p>Sudden V.D. preceded by vasospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

    <p>In the parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the body represented in the primary sensory cortex?

    <p>Contra-lateral (crossed)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the peripheral parts of the body widely represented in the primary sensory cortex?

    <p>Due to a greater number of specialized receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

    <p>Perception of various somatic senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?

    <p>Cranial nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary motor area (area 4)?

    <p>Discharging motor impulses for voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are represented bilaterally in the primary motor area (area 4)?

    <p>Facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organization of the body musculature in the primary motor area (area 4)?

    <p>Contralateral and inverted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the premotor area (area 6) located?

    <p>Anterior to the primary motor area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the premotor area (area 6) in movement?

    <p>Planning complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are represented by larger areas in the primary motor area (area 4)?

    <p>Muscles involved in fine voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary motor area (area 4) in muscle tone?

    <p>Facilitating the tone of distal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the primary somatic sensory cortex receive from the thalamus?

    <p>Direct input from VPN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sensory 'Somatic' association cortex?

    <p>Discloses the meaning of various sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the secondary somatic sensory cortex?

    <p>Defects in learning based on tactile discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located?

    <p>Higher motor centers in the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the somatic motor system?

    <p>Controls the contraction of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the perception of touch?

    <p>Perceives the intensity and locality of touch stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the somatic motor system is composed of neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord?

    <p>Lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sensory 'Somatic' association cortex located?

    <p>Behind the upper most part of SMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensations from the Head and Face

    • Somatic sensations from the head are carried mainly by the Trigeminal nerve, which consists of three divisions that carry cutaneous sensations from the face, forehead, and anterior part of the scalp, conjunctiva, cornea, and nasal mucosa.
    • The Trigeminal nerve also carries proprioceptive sensations from the mandibular muscles.

    Headache

    • Headache is pain felt in the head region, referred to the surface of the head from deep structures.
    • There are two types of headache:
      • Extracranial headache: resulting from the stimulation of pain receptors located in extracranial structures, such as eyes, nose, oral causes, and psychogenic headache.
      • Intracranial headache: resulting from the stimulation of pain receptors in intracranial pain-sensitive structures, such as meninges, cerebral and dural blood vessels, venous sinuses, and nerves V, IX, X.
    • The site of reference of intracranial headache depends on the location of the pain:
      • Pain arising from structures above the tentorium cerebelli is felt in the front of the ears (frontal headache).
      • Pain arising from structures below the tentorium cerebelli is felt in the posterior part of the head (occipital headache).

    Causes of Intracranial Headache

    • Meningeal causes: inflammation of meninges (meningitis), trauma or injury, and irritation of the meninges as in cases of excess alcohol drinking or constipation.
    • Brain tissue causes: brain tumors, which cause pressure, traction, and irritation of the intracranial pain-sensitive structures.
    • CSF causes: decrease in CSF pressure, especially if the person is erect, which can cause traction on the meninges.
    • Vascular headache: resulting from the overstretching of the walls of the intracranial blood vessels, especially in conditions such as hypertension, fever, and migraine.

    Somatic Sensory Cortex

    • The somatic sensory cortex is the part of the cerebral cortex concerned with the perception and interpretation of sensory information.
    • It is divided into three areas:
      • Primary sensory cortex (3, 1 & 2): located in the parietal cortex, consists of 6 layers, and is concerned with the perception of various somatic sensory senses.
      • Secondary somatic sensory cortex (area 40): located behind and lateral to the face representation area, receives direct input from VPN of thalamus and primary somatic sensory cortex, and is involved in learning based on tactile discrimination.
      • Sensory "Somatic" association cortex (5 & 7): located behind the uppermost part of SMI, is concerned with building up and disclosing the meanings of various types of sensations, and transmitting pre-analyzed kinesthetic sensory information to brain motor centers.

    Somatic Motor System

    • The somatic motor system consists of higher motor centers located in the cerebral cortex and brain stem, and their axons form descending motor tracts that descend to and synapse with the neurons of lower motor centers in the brain stem and spinal cord.
    • The somatic motor system is composed of two sets of neurons:
      • Upper motor neurons (U.M.N.): whose cell bodies lie in the higher motor centers and their axons constitute the descending motor tracts.
      • Lower motor neurons (L.M.N.): whose cell bodies lie in the spinal ventral horns or the corresponding cranial nuclei, and their axons constitute the efferent motor fibers in the peripheral somatic nerves.

    Cortical Motor Areas

    • The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and comprises:
      • Primary motor area (area 4): located in the precentral gyrus, concerned with the initiation and performance of voluntary movements, and discharges motor impulses that produce voluntary movements done by the distal limb muscles.
      • Premotor area (area 6): located anterior to the primary motor area, concerned with planning of complex movements, initiating gross movements, and controlling posture and muscle tone.
      • Supplemental motor area: located in the upper medial side of the frontal lobe, concerned with evoking complex movements, planning and programming of complex movements, and providing suitable background for the performance of fine skilled movements.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the somatic sensations from the head and face, including the trigeminal nerve, cutaneous sensations, and proprioceptive sensations. It also discusses headaches, their causes, and types.

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