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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of articular cartilage in a long bone?
What is the primary function of articular cartilage in a long bone?
Which of the following best describes a sesamoid bone?
Which of the following best describes a sesamoid bone?
What is the role of the periosteum in the skeletal system?
What is the role of the periosteum in the skeletal system?
What is primarily stored in yellow bone marrow?
What is primarily stored in yellow bone marrow?
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Which structure indicates where growth occurred in an adult long bone?
Which structure indicates where growth occurred in an adult long bone?
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How does compact bone differ from spongy bone?
How does compact bone differ from spongy bone?
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Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the skeletal system?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the skeletal system?
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Which of the following statements about bone tissue is true?
Which of the following statements about bone tissue is true?
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What is the primary function of osteocytes within bone tissue?
What is the primary function of osteocytes within bone tissue?
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Which process replaces hyaline cartilage with bone during growth?
Which process replaces hyaline cartilage with bone during growth?
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What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of cartilage?
Which of the following best describes the nature of cartilage?
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What does the epiphyseal line indicate in long bones?
What does the epiphyseal line indicate in long bones?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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Where is red bone marrow primarily found?
Where is red bone marrow primarily found?
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How many bones are present in the typical mature human skeleton?
How many bones are present in the typical mature human skeleton?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides a framework supporting the body and cradling soft organs.
- Encases vital organs, protecting them (e.g., skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs).
- Acts as levers for muscles, enabling movement via muscle contraction and relaxation.
- Stores minerals (e.g., calcium, phosphorus) and lipids in yellow bone marrow.
- Produces blood cells in red bone marrow.
Definition of a Sesamoid Bone
- Small, round bone embedded within a tendon or muscle, often where the tendon crosses a joint.
- The patella (kneecap) is a common example.
Structures of a Typical Long Bone
- Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at joints, reducing friction and absorbing shock.
- Diaphysis: Long, cylindrical shaft of the bone, primarily compact bone.
- Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary canal and internal bone surfaces.
- Epiphyseal Line: The remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults, signifying former growth areas.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Hyaline cartilage layer for bone growth in children and adolescents.
- Epiphysis: The ends of a long bone, consisting of spongy bone coated with compact bone.
- Foramen: Opening in a bone for nerves and blood vessels.
- Medullary Canal: Central cavity of the diaphysis, housing yellow bone marrow.
- Periosteum: Dense, vascular connective tissue coating bones for tendon and ligament attachment.
- Red Bone Marrow: Site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), found in certain bones.
- Yellow Bone Marrow: Mostly adipose tissue, serving as an energy reserve.
Types of Connective Tissue in the Skeletal System
- Bone Tissue: Hard, dense connective tissue forming the skeleton, providing structure and support.
- Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue providing support, cushioning joints, and facilitating growth.
Compact Bone vs. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
- Compact Bone: Dense outer layer for strength and support, organized into osteons.
- Spongy Bone: Lighter, porous bone at ends of long bones and interior of some bones, containing trabeculae and red bone marrow.
Microscopic Structure of Bone
- Osteon (Haversian System): Fundamental functional unit of compact bone, concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.
- Lamella: Thin layers of bone matrix forming the osteon.
- Central Canal (Haversian Canal): Contains blood vessels and nerves, running through the center of each osteon.
- Lacunae: Small cavities in the bone matrix containing osteocytes.
- Canaliculi: Tiny channels connecting lacunae, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone tissue and communicating via canaliculi.
Nature, Structure, and Function of Cartilage
- Nature: Flexible connective tissue for support and structure.
- Structure: Chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
- Function: Cushions joints, supports structures (like nose and ears), and allows for long bone growth.
Process of Bone Formation and Growth (Osteogenesis)
- Endochondral Ossification: Bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage, common in long bones.
- Role of Osteoblasts: Synthesize new bone matrix and promote mineralization.
- Role of Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and growth.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Growing tissue near long bone ends where new bone forms.
- Epiphyseal Line: Remnant of the epiphyseal plate after growth ceases, signifying growth cessation.
Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, supporting the body's central axis.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic) attaching limbs to the axial skeleton.
Number of Bones in the Mature Human Skeleton
- 206 bones.
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Description
Explore the various roles of the skeletal system in the human body, from supporting organs to facilitating movement and blood cell production. Learn about the protective functions of bones and the unique characteristics of sesamoid bones. This quiz will enhance your understanding of skeletal anatomy and function.
