Skeletal System Functions and Structures
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Questions and Answers

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Hematopoiesis.

How many types of bones are there?

4

What are the four major types of bones?

Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular

What are the structures of long bones?

<p>Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity, Epiphyses, Articular cartilage, Periosteum, Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diaphysis is?

<p>Shaft; a hollow tube, made of hard compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medullary Cavity is?

<p>Hollow area inside the Diaphysis that contains yellow marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epiphyses is?

<p>Ends of the bones filled with red bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Articular cartilage?

<p>A thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphyses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Periosteum?

<p>A strong fibrous membrane covering long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endosteum is?

<p>A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major types of connective tissues the skeletal system contains?

<p>Bone and Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trabeculae are?

<p>Needlelike threads of spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Compact bone?

<p>Dense bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Spongy bone?

<p>Ends of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Periosteum?

<p>Outer covering of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cartilage?

<p>Fibers embedded in a firm gel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Osteocytes?

<p>Bone cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Canaliculi?

<p>Connect lacunae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Lamellae?

<p>Rings of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Chondrocytes?

<p>Cartilage cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Haversian system?

<p>Structural unit of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Osteon?

<p>Calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers that resemble an onion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Lacunae?

<p>Hard layers of lamellae in little spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the ______ ______ through the canaliculi to the osteocytes.

<p>Central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Osteoblasts?

<p>Bone forming cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Osteoclasts?

<p>Bone-reabsorbing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combined action of the osteoblast and the osteoclast sculpts bones into?

<p>Their adult shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Epiphyseal plate located?

<p>Between the epiphyses and the diaphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into ______.

<p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?

<p>Skull, Spine, Chest/Thorax, Hyoid bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main bones of the Appendicular skeleton?

<p>Upper Extremities, Lower Extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones of the skull?

<p>Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sinuses?

<p>Spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Paranasal sinuses?

<p>Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones that have openings into the nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Sutures?

<p>Two parietal bones that give shape to the bulging topside of the skull, forming immovable joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Fontanels?

<p>&quot;Soft spots&quot; where ossification is incomplete at birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the sections of the spine?

<p>Cervical region, Thoracic region, Lumbar region, Sacrum, Coccyx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Concave curves?

<p>Cervical and lumbar curves of the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Convex curves?

<p>Thoracic and sacral curves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ribs do we have?

<p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many true ribs are there, and why are they considered true?

<p>First 7; attached to sternum by costal cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many False ribs are there, and why are they considered false?

<p>Three (8, 9, and 10); because they are attached to the cartilage of the seventh rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many floating ribs are there, and why are they called that?

<p>Two (11 and 12); not attached to any cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Scapula?

<p>Shoulder blade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Clavicle?

<p>Collarbone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pectoral Girdle?

<p>Shoulder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Stenoclavicular?

<p>Joint between the clavicle and the breastbone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Humerus?

<p>Long bone of the arm; second largest bone of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Rotator cuff?

<p>Group of muscles held together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Radius and Ulna?

<p>Bones of the forearm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pelvic Girdle?

<p>Hip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Coxal bones?

<p>One is located at each side of the pelvis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an infant's body, each coxal bone consists of three separate bones called?

<p>Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Femur?

<p>Only bone in the thigh; longest bone in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Tibia?

<p>Shinbone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Fibula?

<p>Outer lateral border of the leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Phalanges?

<p>Toe and finger bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Calcaneus?

<p>Heel bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Metatarsals and Tarsals?

<p>Foot bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 kinds of joints?

<p>Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Synarthroses?

<p>A joint with no movement; commonly known as sutures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Amphiarthroses?

<p>A joint with slight movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Diarthroses?

<p>A joint with free movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Joint capsule made of?

<p>Body's strongest and toughest material; fibrous connective tissue lined with the synovial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ligaments?

<p>Cords or bands made of strong fibrous connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Articular cartilage?

<p>The layer over the joint ends of bones that acts like a rubber heel on a shoe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bursa?

<p>A pocket of fluid that acts as a shock-absorbing cushion around the bones of a joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Flexion?

<p>Bending a joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Extension?

<p>Straightening it out after flexion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Abduction?

<p>Movement away from the midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Adduction?

<p>Movement towards the midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Supports the body structure.
  • Protects vital organs.
  • Facilitates movement by serving as levers.
  • Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
  • Produces blood cells through hematopoiesis.

Types of Bones

  • Four major types: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular.

Long Bones Structures

  • Diaphysis: shaft comprised of strong compact bone.
  • Medullary Cavity: hollow area in diaphysis containing yellow marrow.
  • Epiphyses: ends of the bones filled with red bone marrow.
  • Articular Cartilage: thin layer covering the epiphyses.
  • Periosteum: fibrous membrane covering bones excluding joint surfaces.
  • Endosteum: membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Major Connective Tissues in Skeletal System

  • Consists of bone and cartilage.

Bone Composition

  • Trabeculae: needle-like threads of spongy bone.
  • Compact bone: dense and forms outer layer of bones.
  • Spongy bone: found at the ends of long bones.

Bone Cells

  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells.
  • Osteoblasts: cells responsible for bone formation.
  • Osteoclasts: cells that absorb and remodel bone tissue.

Bone Structure and Growth

  • Haversian system: structural unit of compact bone.
  • Lamellae: rings of calcified bone found in osteons.
  • Canaliculi: small channels connecting lacunae (spaces containing osteocytes).
  • Epiphyseal plate: growth plate between epiphyses and diaphysis; growth stops when cartilage turns to bone.

Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

  • Axial skeleton: Skull, spine (vertebrae), thorax (ribs and sternum), hyoid bone.
  • Appendicular skeleton: Upper (shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, hand) and lower (pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, ankle, foot) extremities.

Skull Structure

  • Major bones: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid.
  • Sinuses: cavities within cranial bones.
  • Paranasal sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid opening into the nose.
  • Sutures: immovable joints between cranial bones.
  • Fontanels: "soft spots" in an infant's skull due to incomplete ossification.

Spine Regions

  • Sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx.
  • Concave curves: cervical and lumbar regions.
  • Convex curves: thoracic and sacral regions.

Ribs

  • Total: 12 pairs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs).
  • True ribs: first 7, directly attached to sternum by costal cartilage.
  • False ribs: 8th to 10th, attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib.
  • Floating ribs: 11th and 12th, not attached to any cartilage.

Upper Body Bones

  • Scapula: shoulder blade.
  • Clavicle: collarbone.
  • Humerus: long bone of the arm; second largest body bone.
  • Radius and Ulna: bones of the forearm.

Lower Body Bones

  • Pelvic girdle: hip region.
  • Coxal bones: composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis in infants, which fuse.
  • Femur: thigh bone; longest bone in the body.
  • Tibia: shinbone; larger of the two lower leg bones.
  • Fibula: smaller, lateral bone of the leg.
  • Phalanges: bones of toes and fingers.
  • Calcaneus: heel bone.
  • Metatarsals and tarsals: bones of the foot.

Joint Types

  • Synarthroses: immovable joints (e.g., sutures).
  • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic bones).
  • Diarthroses: freely movable joints with a joint capsule, cavity, and cartilage.

Joint Structure

  • Joint capsule: made of fibrous connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane.
  • Ligaments: strong fibrous tissue cords that connect bones.
  • Articular cartilage: smooth layer covering joint ends of bones.
  • Bursa: fluid-filled cushion around joints to absorb shock.

Joint Movements

  • Flexion: bending a joint.
  • Extension: straightening a joint after flexion.
  • Abduction: moving away from the midline.
  • Adduction: moving towards the midline.

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Description

Explore the vital roles of the skeletal system including support, protection, and blood cell production. Learn about the different types of bones and their structures, as well as the connective tissues that contribute to the skeletal framework. This quiz covers essential anatomical concepts regarding bone composition and function.

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