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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of life?
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of life?
Viruses can carry out the functions of life independently without a host.
Viruses can carry out the functions of life independently without a host.
False
What is the term for maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes?
What is the term for maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes?
Homeostasis
The process of detecting and reacting to environmental changes is known as ______.
The process of detecting and reacting to environmental changes is known as ______.
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Match the function of life with its example:
Match the function of life with its example:
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What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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Chloroplasts are found in both plant and animal cells.
Chloroplasts are found in both plant and animal cells.
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Name one structure that is unique to animal cells.
Name one structure that is unique to animal cells.
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The process that transforms food energy into ATP in both plant and animal cells is known as __________.
The process that transforms food energy into ATP in both plant and animal cells is known as __________.
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Match the following cell types with their unique features:
Match the following cell types with their unique features:
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What type of solution causes a cell to gain water?
What type of solution causes a cell to gain water?
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Active transport requires energy to move molecules from high to low concentration.
Active transport requires energy to move molecules from high to low concentration.
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What is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane called?
What is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane called?
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In a __________ solution, the concentration of solute particles is equal inside and outside of the cell.
In a __________ solution, the concentration of solute particles is equal inside and outside of the cell.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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Which of the following characteristics is unique to prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following characteristics is unique to prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells can only be unicellular.
Eukaryotic cells can only be unicellular.
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What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
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The ______ controls substance movement in cells.
The ______ controls substance movement in cells.
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Match the following cellular structures to their respective functions:
Match the following cellular structures to their respective functions:
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Which structure is responsible for keeping moisture in prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is responsible for keeping moisture in prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells can survive in extreme environments like prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells can survive in extreme environments like prokaryotic cells.
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
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Mitosis is used primarily for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis is used primarily for sexual reproduction.
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What is the significance of cell cycle checkpoints?
What is the significance of cell cycle checkpoints?
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During ___ phase of the cell cycle, organelles are duplicated.
During ___ phase of the cell cycle, organelles are duplicated.
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Match the following phases of mitosis with their functions:
Match the following phases of mitosis with their functions:
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Which of the following best describes cytokinesis?
Which of the following best describes cytokinesis?
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Cancer is caused by controlled cell growth.
Cancer is caused by controlled cell growth.
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What is the main difference between animal and plant cell division?
What is the main difference between animal and plant cell division?
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Study Notes
Functions of Life
- All chemical reactions
- Breaking down food for energy, producing new cells
- Example: Cellular respiration
- Detect and respond to changes in the environment
- Linked to stimuli (anything that triggers a physical or behavioral change)
- Example: Plants bending toward the sun
- Similar to responsiveness
- Detect and react to stimuli (internal or external)
- Maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
- Example: Regulating body temperature
- Removing waste products
- Example: Excretion, like pooping
- Obtaining and utilizing nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance
- Getting bigger (increasing size)
Viruses
- Microscopic infectious agents
- Made of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein layer
- Cannot carry out life processes independently; need a host
Types of Cells and Structures
-
Prokaryotic:
- Bacteria
- No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- 100x smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Can survive in extreme environments
- Example structure: Capsule (keeps moisture)
-
Eukaryotic:
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Organelles with specific structures
- Nucleus with linear DNA
- Found in plants and animals
Cell Structures and Functions
-
Outer Structures:
- Cell wall: Support and protection
- Cell membrane: Controls substance movement
-
Inner Structures:
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance
- Cytosol: Fluid component of cytoplasm
- DNA (single circular strand): Genetic material
- Nucleoid: Region containing DNA
- Pili: For attaching to surfaces
- Flagella: For movement
- Ribosomes: Protein building structures
-
EXTRA INFO
- Lifestyle: Unicellular, Colony, filamentoous (thread-like)
- Energy production: Photosynthetic, disease-causing, or decomposers
-
CONTROL
- Nucleus(DNA): Controls cell activities
- Nucleolus: Ribosome factory, within the nucleus
-
PROTEIN
- Ribosomes (80S or 70S): Build proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Assembles proteins and lipids
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport
-
WASTE
- Vacuoles: Waste disposal and water balance (Large in plants)
- Lysosomes(animals): Break down unwanted material
Cell Energy
- Mitochondria: Convert food energy to ATP (energy currency for cells)
- Chloroplasts (plants only): Convert sunlight into glucose (photosynthesis)
Animal vs. Plant Differences
| Feature | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell wall | Absent | Present |
| Vacuoles | Small | Large |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present |
| Lysosomes | Present | Absent |
| Cell division | Cleavage furrow | Cell plate |
Cell Transport
-
Passive Transport (no energy): High to low concentration
- Diffusion: Movement of particles down a concentration gradient
- Simple diffusion: Small, nonpolar molecules move directly through the membrane
- Facilitated diffusion: Large or polar molecules need transport proteins
-
Active Transport (energy required): Low to high concentration
- Membrane pumps: Transport molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP (energy)
- Endocytosis: Bring large materials into the cell by trapping them in vesicles (engulfing)
- Phagocytosis: Bringing solid materials into the cell
- Pinocytosis: Bringing liquid materials into the cell
Osmosis and Solutions
- Hypertonic: High solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out, cell shrinks
- Hypotonic: Low solute concentration outside the cell; water moves in, cell swells
- Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement
Cell Cycle and Division
- Consists of growth phases (G1, S, G2), DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis
- Carefully controlled process for growth, repair, and reproduction
Mitosis Stages
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
- Critical for cell division
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death (cellular suicide)
- Removes damaged cells that can contribute to cancer or disease
Mitosis vs. Cell Division
- Animal cell division involves a cleavage furrow
- Plant cell division involves a cell plate to divide the cell
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Description
Explore the essential functions of life including metabolism, responsiveness, and waste removal. Additionally, learn about prokaryotic cells and viruses, their structures, and how they interact within living organisms. This quiz helps consolidate your understanding of life's fundamental processes.
