Science Final Study Guide (Term 1) PDF

Study with the first test No labeling in cells, but diagrams in other topics Filling the gap (with words) 1 questions from the online week lesson (what she didn’t explain in class but video) No scientific method Functions of life...

Study with the first test No labeling in cells, but diagrams in other topics Filling the gap (with words) 1 questions from the online week lesson (what she didn’t explain in class but video) No scientific method Functions of life Functions of like – know mr sheng and overview of viruses (general) Functions of life (FOR LIVING THINGS): Metabolism ○ All chemical reactions ○ Breaking down food or energy ○ New cells ○ EX: Cellular respiration Responsiveness: ○ Detect/respond to change in the environment ○ Linked to stimuli (anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change) ○ EX: Plant bends toward the sun Sensitivity ○ Similar to responsiveness ○ Detect/react to stimuli ○ Internal/external factors Homeostasis: ○ Stable internal environment even when external changes ○ EX: Regulating body temp. to be comfortable Excretion: ○ Removing waste ○ EX: pooping Nutrition: ○ Obtaining/utilizing nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance. Growth: ○ Getting bigger in: Size  Mass Complexity of organism Reproduction: ○ Offspring ○ Continuing species Viruses: - Are microscopic infectious agents that are made up of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein layer. - Why they aren’t living: - Need a host in order to metabolize, reproduce, and exist. - They cannot carry out the functions of life. Types of cells and structures Functions of organelles (multiple choice) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic Bacteria Unicellular or multicellular Unicellular Organelles with specific structures No nucleus, no membrane-bound Nucleus with linear DNA organelles Plants and animals 100x smaller than eukaryotic cells Can survive extreme environments Structure Structure Capsule: keeps moisture (slimy, SURFACE:  outer) Cell membrane: controls substance Cell wall: Support and protection movement (middle) Cell wall (plants): structure and Cell membrane: controls substance protection movement (inner) INSIDE (FC, CC, C): Cytoplasm: cell’s jelly Flagella and Cilia (animal): for Cytosol: fluid movement/sense DNA: single circular strand Nucleoid: DNA is located Pili: for sticking to things Cytoplasm: cell’s jelly Cytosol: fluid Flagella: for movement Ribosomes (70S): building proteins __________________________________ EXTRA INFO: Lifestyle: Unicellular, Colony, filamentous Cytoskeleton: shape, support, Energy: Photosynthetic, transport Disease-causing or environmental, CONTROL (N,N): decomposers. Nucleus: DNA, controls cell Nucleolus: Ribosome factory, inside nucleus PROTEIN (R,ER, G): Ribosomes (80S): build them Endoplasmic reticulum [ER]: Assembles them and lipids Golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages them and lipids for storage or transport. WASTE (V,L,P): Vacuole: waste disposal and water balance ○ PLANT: large, 90% of volume ○ ANIMAL: small Lysosome (animals): break it down  Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances ***THEY LOOK THE SAME ENERGY: Mitochondria (BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS): food energy into ATP via cellular respiration Chloroplasts (plants): sunlight into glucose via photosynthesis. Animal and Plant Differences (what each has that the other doesn’t) Animal Plant Lysosomes Cell wall Small vacuole Large vacuole Flagella Chloroplast Cilia Mitochondria Mitochondria  Cell membrane and transport Types of transport, how the cells transports things, gradients, energy, types In detail know cell transport and division solutions what happens for it to gain/lose weight Osmosis– how the water moves according the solution types Cell Membrane Controls the entry and exit of materials. Made up of a phospholipid bilayer Semi-permeable (things can cross/pass it) TYPES OF SOLUTIONS (GOAL: outside & inside to be equal)  Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic High concentration of Low concentration of Equal concentration of solute particles outside the solute particles outside the solute particles outside and cell cell inside of the cell → cell loses water → cell gains water → cell stays the same  Passive Transport (NO ENERGY - HIGH TO LOW) Active Transport (YES ENERGY - LOW TO HIGH) *Diffusion: movement of particles from a high to Membrane Pumps: when molecules move low concentration across the gradient (space) from low to high Simple Diffusion: Movement of small or concentrations. NEED ATP (From nonpolar molecules through the cell mitochondria) membrane. Endocytosis: Engulfing (trapping) materials Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of large or from the extracellular environment and polar molecules via membrane proteins. transported inside the cell via vesicles. ○ Phagocytosis: Bring solid materials  Osmosis: Movement of water across a ○ Pinocytosis: Get water and what's in semi-permeable membrane from a region of it (if there’s anything) high water concentration to low water concentration. ○ Receptor-Mediated endocytosis: Has receptors on the cell membrane that get only specific materials in the cell.  Exocytosis: releases materials from inside to out. Cell cycle and division Mitosis phases (what happens in each phase, G1 G2 S) When are the organelles duplicated → G1 What is the function of mitosis and what/when its used What happens if there is a mistake in the process Mitosis- phases what happens, how they look like Cell cycle checkpoints Mitosis phases identify phases (diagram on it) - important Difference between animal and plant cell division  CELL CYCLE: Consists of: ○ Growth Phase 1: Organelle duplication ○ Synthesis phase: DNA replication ○ Growth Phase 2: Preparation for cell division (MITOSIS) ○ M phase: Division into two identical daughter cells ○ Cytokinesis: Complete separation Carefully controlled throughout the life of an organism Without enough cell divisions at the right time and in the right organs: ○ development falters ○ body parts fail to replace worn-out or damaged cells Too many cell divisions, cancers may form Cell Division (mitosis + cytokinesis): Cells reproduce through cell division It’s when a parent cell creates two daughter cells Each receives a set of genetic information identical to the parent cell. Cell division is required for growth, repair, and reproduction. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION: 1. Asexual reproduction: from a single parent, producing clones that are genetically identical. EX: Budding 2. Sexual reproduction: two parents, fusion of gametes (sperm and eggs). Mitosis (DIAGRAM IS VERY IMPORTANT):  PURPOSE OF MITOSIS: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. MISTAKES IN MITOSIS: Lead to mutations, cancer, or cell death. APOPTOSIS: Programmed cell death or “cellular suicide”. When cell is damaged beyond repair Cells have checkpoints to see if something went wrong CANCER: Any disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Starts when the genes in a cell that regulate cell growth are altered or mutated. Abnormal cells begin to divide and make tumors. Cancer cells don’t perform apoptosis. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL DIVISION: ANIMAL PLANT Flexible and "pinch" in the middle to Have rigid walls, so they "build" a new divide. This is called a cleavage furrow. wall in the center to split, called a cell plate.