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Questions and Answers
What is the function of T lymphocytes?
What is the diameter of large lymphocytes?
What is the function of platelets in blood?
What is the main function of albumin in plasma proteins?
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What is the function of globulins in plasma proteins?
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What is the role of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?
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What is the shape of activated platelets?
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What is the function of adhesiveness in platelets?
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What percentage of oxygen is transported in the blood in the form of oxyhemoglobin?
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What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
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What is the diameter of a normal RBC?
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What is the main function of hemoglobin in RBCs?
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate?
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What is the function of RBCs in blood group determination?
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What is the characteristic of WBCs compared to RBCs?
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Which mammal has nucleated RBCs?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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What is the normal shape of red blood cells?
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What is the function of neutrophils and monocytes in defense?
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What is the approximate range of red blood cell count in adult males per cubic millimeter of blood?
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What is the function of eosinophils in defense?
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What is the function of lymphocytes in defense?
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What is the advantage of the biconcave shape of red blood cells?
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What is the role of red blood cells in the transport of respiratory gases?
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Study Notes
Blood Functions
- Blood serves as a readymade source of substances during conditions like starvation, fluid loss, electrolyte loss, etc.
- Blood plays a crucial role in defense, with white blood cells responsible for this function.
- Neutrophils and monocytes engulf bacteria through phagocytosis, while lymphocytes are involved in developing immunity.
- Eosinophils are responsible for detoxification, disintegration, and removal of foreign proteins.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- RBCs are non-nucleated formed elements in the blood, also known as erythrocytes.
- The red color of RBCs is due to the presence of hemoglobin.
- RBCs play a vital role in transporting respiratory gases.
- RBCs are larger in number compared to white blood cells and platelets.
Normal Values of RBCs
- RBC count ranges between 4 and 5.5 million per cubic millimeter of blood.
- In adult males, it is 5 million/cu mm, and in adult females, it is 4.5 million/cu mm.
Morphology of RBCs
- Normally, RBCs are disk-shaped and biconcave (dumbbell-shaped).
- The central portion is thinner, and the periphery is thicker.
- The biconcave contour of RBCs has mechanical and functional advantages, including:
- Equal and rapid diffusion of oxygen and other substances into the interior of the cell.
- Large surface area for absorption or removal of different substances.
- Minimal tension on the membrane when the volume of the cell alters.
- Easy passage through minute capillaries without getting damaged.
Normal Size and Structure of RBCs
- Diameter: 7.5 µ (6.9-7.4 µ).
- Thickness: 2.2 µ at the periphery and 1 µ at the center.
- Surface area: 120 square µ.
- Volume: 85-90 cu µ.
- RBCs are non-nucleated formed elements in the blood, except in camels.
- Because of the absence of a nucleus, DNA is also absent, along with other organelles like mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.
Functions of RBCs
- Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
- Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
- Buffering action in blood to regulate hydrogen ion concentration and maintain acid-base balance.
- Involvement in blood group determination, carrying blood group antigens like A, B, and Rh factor.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- WBCs or leukocytes are colorless and nucleated formed elements of blood.
- Compared to RBCs, WBCs are larger in size and lesser in number.
- Functionally, WBCs are important, and they include:
- Lymphocytes, which are divided into two groups depending on size: large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes.
- Lymphocytes can also be divided into two types depending on function: T lymphocytes (cellular immunity) and B lymphocytes (humoral immunity).
Platelets
- Platelets or thrombocytes are small, colorless, moderately refractive bodies.
- They are considered to be fragments of cytoplasm.
- Platelets are of various shapes and can become oval or disc-shaped when activated.
- They measure about 2.5 um in diameter and about 7.5 cuum in volume.
Properties of Platelets
- Adhesiveness: Sticking to rough surfaces, promoted by collagen, thrombin, thromboxane A2, ADP, and calcium.
- Aggregation: Grouping together and becoming sticky, promoted by ADP, thromboxane A2, and platelet activation factor (PAF).
- Agglutination: Clumping together, promoted by agglutinins and PAF.
Functions of Platelets
- Blood clotting.
- Clot retraction.
- Defense.
- Repair of ruptured blood vessels.
- Hemostasis.
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: 4.7 g/dl.
- Globulins: 2.3 g/dl.
- Fibrinogen: 0.3 g/dl.
- Total protein: 6.4-8.3 g/dl.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Coagulation.
- Defense.
- Transport.
- Maintenance of osmotic pressure of the blood.
- Regulation of acid-base balance.
- Nutrient reserve.
- Suspension stability of RBCs.
- Viscosity of blood.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
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Description
This quiz covers the various functions of blood, including its role in defense, transportation, and regulation of bodily processes.
