Functions and Their Properties

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of a well-defined or single-valued function in the context of the provided text?

  • A function is well-defined if every element in the codomain has at least one corresponding element in the domain.
  • A function is well-defined if the mapping between elements in the domain and codomain is consistent across multiple occurrences of the same input value.
  • A function is well-defined if each element in the domain maps to a single, unique element in the codomain. (correct)
  • A function is well-defined if the domain and codomain have the same number of elements.

Consider the function f defined as f(x) = x^2. Based on the provided text, what would be the range of this function if its domain is restricted to the set of natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, ...}?

  • All non-negative real numbers
  • All positive integers (correct)
  • All real numbers
  • All even integers

In the example f = {(x, y): y = x^2}, the text states that 'any real number x is mapped to its square.' Which of the following statements best describes this mapping in terms of function notation?

  • For every x in the domain, there exists exactly one y in the codomain such that y = x^2. (correct)
  • For every x in the domain, there exists at least one y in the codomain such that y = x^2.
  • For every y in the codomain, there exists exactly one x in the domain such that y = x^2.
  • For every y in the codomain, there exists at least one x in the domain such that y = x^2.

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in the context of functions, as presented in the text?

<p>The dependent variable's value is directly determined by the value of the independent variable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of functions, what is the significance of the statement 'f is a function from ℝ into ℝ'?

<p>It implies f is a function whose domain and codomain are both sets of real numbers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the function f defined as f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 8, f(4) = 8, which of the following statements is true based on the provided text?

<p>f is a function because each element in the domain has a unique image. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function f defined as f(x) = 2x + 1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the domain and range of this function, based on the provided text?

<p>The domain and range of f are not related in any specific way. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a function f: A -> B is onto and A is a finite set, which of the following statements is always true?

<p>f is one-to-one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function f(n) = 2n for all n ∈ Z. Which of the following statements about f is true?

<p>f is one-to-one, but not onto. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a function f(x) = x^2, what is the inverse function f^(-1)(x)?

<p>The function does not have an inverse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Which of the following functions from A to B is a one-to-one correspondence?

<p>f(1) = 5, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 7, f(4) = 8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a necessary condition for a function to have an inverse?

<p>The function must be defined on a finite set. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let g(x) = 2x + 1. What is the inverse function, g^(-1)(x)?

<p>(x + 1) / 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given f(x) = x^3 + 1, what is the range of the inverse function f^(-1)(x)?

<p>All real numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let h(x) = 4x - 2. Which of the following statements about the inverse function h^(-1)(x) is true?

<p>h^(-1)(x) is a linear function with a positive slope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function f(x) = 1/x for x ≠ 0. Which of the following statements is true about its inverse f^(-1)(x)?

<p>f^(-1)(x) = 1/x for x ≠ 0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A function f: A -> B is defined as f(x) = x^2 + 1 for all x ∈ A. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 5, 10}, which of the following statements about f is true?

<p>f is one-to-one but not onto. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $((-2)^3)^{\frac{1}{6}}$ simplified to its lowest form?

<p>$-2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simplify the expression: $16^{\frac{3}{4}}$

<p>$8$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Express $\sqrt[3]{x^5}$ in terms of a rational exponent.

<p>$x^{\frac{5}{3}}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is equivalent to $a^{-\frac{m}{n}}$ where 'a' is a non-zero constant?

<p>$\frac{1}{a^{\frac{m}{n}}}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the expression $(x^2y^3)^{\frac{1}{2}}$. What is the simplified equivalent in terms of x and y?

<p>$xy^{\frac{3}{2}}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that $f(x) = x^2 + x$ and $g(x) = \frac{1}{x+3}$ , determine the value of $(g \circ f)(1)$ .

<p>$\frac{1}{4}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the functions $f(x) = x^3 + 2$ and $g(x) = \frac{2}{x-1}$, find the domain of $(f \circ g)(x)$ .

<p>x ≠ 1, x ≠ 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f(x) = x^2$ and $g(x) = x$. Find $(f \circ g)(x)$ and its domain.

<p>$(f \circ g)(x)=x^2$, domain: all real numbers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the functions $f(x) = 5x - 3$ and $(f \circ g)(x) = 2x + 7$, find $g(x)$.

<p>$g(x) = \frac{2}{5}x - 8$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $f(x) = 2x + 1$ and $(f \circ g)(x) = 3x - 1$, find $g(x)$.

<p>$g(x) = \frac{3}{2}x - 2$ (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the function $f(x) = \frac{x-1}{x+1}$, find the value of $f(2x)$.

<p>$\frac{2x-1}{2x+1}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find two functions $f$ and $g$ such that the given function $h(x) = (f \circ g)(x)$ is equivalent to $h(x) = (x+3)^3$.

<p>$f(x) = x^3$, $g(x) = x+3$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f(x) = 4x - 3$, $g(x) = \frac{1}{x}$, and $h(x) = x^2 - x$. Find $f(g(h(3)))$.

<p>$\frac{1}{3}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that $f(x) = 4x - 3$, $g(x) = \frac{1}{x}$, and $h(x) = x^2 - x$, find $f(1) \cdot g(2) \cdot h(3)$.

<p>-2 (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Function Definition

A function is a relation where each input has exactly one output.

Image

The image of x under a function f is the output f(x).

Pre-image

The pre-image of y is the input x such that f(x) = y.

Well Defined Function

A function is well-defined if it produces one output for each input consistently.

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Domain

The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs.

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Range

The range of a function is the set of all possible outputs.

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Independent vs. Dependent Variables

Independent variables represent inputs; dependent variables represent outputs.

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Function Composition

The process of applying one function to the results of another function.

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Inverse Function

A function that reverses the effect of the original function.

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Domain of a Function

The set of all input values for which the function is defined.

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Range of a Function

The set of all output values that a function can produce.

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Onto Function

A function where every element in the range is mapped to by at least one input.

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One-to-One Function

A function where each output is mapped to by exactly one input.

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Finding Inverses

To find the inverse, swap the input and output and solve for the new output.

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Function Notation

A way to represent functions using symbols like f(x), g(x), etc.

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Compositions of Functions

The result of applying one function to the results of another, denotes as (f ∘ g)(x).

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Negative Rational Exponent

An exponent of the form -m/n representing the reciprocal of a raised to the m/n power.

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Radical Notation

A way to express numbers using roots instead of rational exponents.

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Raising a Negative Number

When raising a negative number to an odd exponent, the result is negative; for an even exponent, it's positive.

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Example of Negative Rational Exponent

For example, a^(-m/n) = 1/(a^(m/n)) where a ≠ 0.

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Evaluating Negative Exponents

To evaluate negative exponents, convert them to their reciprocal form.

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1-1 Correspondence

A function that is both one-to-one and onto.

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Not a Function

A relation that does not assign each input to exactly one output.

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Determining Inverses

Interchange x and y, then solve for y to find the inverse function.

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Domain of Inverse

The range of the original function becomes the domain of the inverse.

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Range of Inverse

The domain of the original function becomes the range of the inverse.

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Example of 1-1 Correspondence

f(x) = 5x maps elements from set A to set B uniquely.

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Finite Set Property

In a finite set, if a function is onto, it must also be one-to-one.

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Location Theorem

If f(a) * f(b) < 0, then at least one zero exists between a and b.

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Polynomial Degree

The highest power of x in a polynomial indicates its degree.

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Complex Number System

A number system that includes all real numbers and imaginary units.

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Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Every polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 has at least one zero in complex numbers.

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Linear Factorization Theorem

A polynomial of degree n can be expressed as a product of its linear factors.

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Polynomial Zeros

The values of x that make the polynomial equal to zero.

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Multiplicity of Zeros

How many times a zero occurs in a polynomial.

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Real vs. Complex Zeros

Real zeros exist on the real number line, while complex zeros include imaginary numbers.

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Zero of a Polynomial

A value of x for which p(x) = 0.

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Example of Polynomial Factorization

p(x) = x^3 - 6x^2 - 16x can be factored into x(x - 8)(x + 2).

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Study Notes

Chapter 3: Functions

  • Everyday life involves relationships between sets. Examples include license plates to automobiles and circumference to circles.
  • Relationships between sets need mathematical precision.
  • Key skills students will gain are understanding relations and functions, determining domain and range of relations and functions, finding inverses of relations, defining and performing operations on polynomial and rational functions, applying theorems to find polynomial function zeros, sketching graphs of various functions, and understanding and applying properties of various types of real-valued functions.

Section 3.1: Review of Relations and Functions

  • Cartesian product of two sets A and B (A x B) is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
  • Ordered pair (a,b) is equal to ordered pair (c,d) if and only if a=c and b=d.
  • A relation from set A to set B is any subset of A x B.
  • a is R-related to b (written aRb) if (a,b) ∈ R.
  • The domain of R is the set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs in R, and the range of R is the set of all second coordinates.
  • If R is a relation from A to itself, then R is a relation on A.
  • A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
  • For f : A → B to be a function, Dom(f) = A and each a ∈ A must map to at most one element in B.
  • A function is a correspondence that assigns to each element of a set A exactly one element of a set B. For example, if f is a function from a set A to a set B, and (a,b) ∈ f, then each value of a must have only one corresponding value of b.
  • A relation f from A into B is called a function from A into B iff Dom(f) = A, and no element of A is mapped by f to more than one element of B.
  • If (x, y) ∈ f, then y is called the image of x under f and x is called the pre-image of y under f.
  • The input values form the domain, and output values form the range of a function.

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