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How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
The only mobile bone of the skull is the mandible.
True
What divides the nasal cavity?
nasal septum
The bones of the zygomatic arch include the __________ and the __________.
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What is the skull cap also known as?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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The __________ can be felt on the side of the head just behind the earlobe.
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What is contained in the eye sockets of the skull?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six functions of bones?
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Compact bone is primarily found at the ends of long bones.
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What type of bone growth is defined by increasing the width of bones?
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The ________ is the hollow section inside a long bone that contains marrow.
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Match the following types of joints with their primary characteristics:
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Which type of bone cell is responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue?
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Intermembranous and endochondral bone formation are two distinct processes for forming bone.
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What is the primary type of bone found in the human body?
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Which of the following terms refers to a bony projection or prominence?
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The functional unit of compact bone is known as an osteon.
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What are the four different types of bone cells?
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Calcium homeostasis involves the release of __________ by the parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels drop.
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Match the following types of ossification with their descriptions:
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Where is spongy bone primarily found?
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Bone growth in length is known as appositional growth.
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List two nutrients that are vital for bone health.
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Which bone contains the home for the pituitary gland?
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The cervical vertebrae consist of 12 vertebrae.
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What is the major function of the thoracic cage?
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The _____ articulates with the capitulum.
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Match the types of pelvic brim with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is unique to the cervical spine?
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What are the three bones that form the coxal bones?
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There are 8 carpal bones in the wrist.
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Which bone of the lower leg articulates with the talus?
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All joints in the human body can be classified into three different categories: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
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What is the purpose of the fovea capitis?
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The hip joint is a _____ ball-and-socket joint between the _____ and _____.
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Match the following types of synovial joints with their descriptions:
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Which type of body movement refers to decreasing the angle between body parts?
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The purpose of a bursa is to enhance friction between tendons and bones.
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Identify two examples of cartilaginous joints in the body composed of fibrocartilage.
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Study Notes
Functions of Bones
- Bones provide support for the body.
- Bones protect internal organs.
- Bones serve as levers for movement.
- Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
- Bones produce blood cells in red bone marrow.
- Bones store energy in yellow bone marrow.
Classification of Bones
- Bones are classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular.
- Long bones are the most common type of bone in the body.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
- Epiphysis: ends of the bone
- Epiphyseal plate: growth plate where bone lengthens
- Articular cartilage: covers the ends of the bone at joints, reducing friction
- Medullary cavity: hollow space in the diaphysis, filled with bone marrow
- Periosteum: tough outer membrane, provides blood supply and attachment for tendons and ligaments.
- Endosteum: thin inner membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts: responsible for bone formation.
- Osteoclasts: responsible for bone resorption (breakdown).
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells, help maintain bone matrix.
- Bone lining cells: found on the surface of bone, regulate bone formation and resorption.
### Bone Matrix
- The organic component (collagen) provides flexibility to bone.
- The inorganic component (calcium phosphate) provides hardness to bone.
Compact Bone
- Found in the diaphysis of long bones.
- Provides strength and support.
- Functional unit: osteon
- Rings of calcified bone matrix are called lamellae.
Spongy Bone
- Found in the epiphysis of long bones, and in flat bones.
- Lighter than compact bone.
- Trabeculae (interconnected rods) help distribute stress.
Ossification
- Begins in utero, at about 8 weeks.
- Intramembranous ossification: flat bones, bone forms directly from mesenchyme.
- Endochondral ossification: most bones, bone forms from hyaline cartilage model.
- Endochondral ossification is the more common type of bone formation.
Bone Growth
- Interstitial growth: occurs in length, at epiphyseal plate.
- Appositional growth: occurs in width, adds bone tissue to the periosteal surface.
Calcium Homeostasis
- Hormones regulate calcium levels in bone and blood.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH): released when blood calcium decreases, increases calcium levels.
- Calcitonin: released when blood calcium increases, decreases calcium levels.
- Exercise promotes bone growth, increasing mechanical stress, which stimulates osteoblast activity.
The Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: bones of the limbs and girdles.
The Skull
- Cranial vault: bones that protect the brain.
- Facial bones: bones of the face.
- Mandible: only mobile bone of the skull.
- The skull consists of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
### The Vertebral Column
- Cervical region: 7 vertebrae.
- Thoracic region: 12 vertebrae.
- Lumbar region: 5 vertebrae.
- Sacral region: 5 fused vertebrae.
- Coccygeal region: 4 fused vertebrae.
- The vertebral column is divided into regions, each specialized for different functions.
- Intervertebral discs: cushioning and absorbing shocks between vertebrae, allowing for a flexible spine.
The Thoracic Cage
- Protects internal organs (heart and lungs).
- Ribs: 12 pairs; 7 vertebrosternal ribs connect to sternum directly.
- Sternum: breastbone, anterior part of thoracic cage.
The Upper Limb
- Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula, connects upper limbs to axial skeleton.
- Humerus: bone of the upper arm.
- Radius and ulna: bones of the forearm.
- Carpal bones: wrist bones.
The Lower Limb
- Pelvis: formed by two coxal (hip) bones and sacrum.
- Femur: thigh bone, longest and strongest bone in the body.
- Tibia and fibula: bones of the lower leg.
- Tarsal bones: ankle bones.
Classification of Joints
-
Structural classification
- Fibrous: bones held together by fibrous connective tissue.
- Cartilaginous: bones held together by cartilage.
- Synovial: bones separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
-
Functional classification:
- Synarthroses: immovable joints.
- Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints.
- Diarthroses (synovial joints): freely movable joints.
Synovial Joints
- Articular capsule: surrounds the joint, encloses synovial cavity.
- Ligaments: dense fibrous connective tissue, connect bone to bone.
- Tendons: connect muscle to bone.
- Bursa: fluid-filled sac, reduces friction between tendons and bones.
- Meniscus: fibrocartilaginous pad that cushions the joint (knee).
Types of Synovial Joints
- Pivot joint: uniaxial movement, allows for rotation (e.g., radius and ulna)
- Hinge joint: uniaxial movement, allows flexion and extension (e.g., elbow and knee)
- Conyloid joint : biaxial movement, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints).
- Saddle joint: biaxial movement, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
- Plane joint: multiaxial movement, allows for gliding motions (e.g., intercarpal joints and intertarsal joints).
- Ball and socket joint: multiaxial movement, allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation (e.g., hip and shoulder)
Body Movements at Joints
- Flexion: decreases the angle between bones.
- Extension: increases the angle between bones.
- Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body.
- Circumduction: circular motion of a limb.
- Rotation: turning a bone around its longitudinal axis.
- Pronation: rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly.
- Supination: rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly.
- Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.
Important Synovial Joints
- The intervertebral joints (between vertebrae) are synovial joints.
- Atlanto-occipital joint: articulation between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone, allows for nodding and shaking the head.
- Temporomandibular joint: articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible, allows for opening and closing the mouth, as well as moving the mandible side to side.
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint: articulation between the humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula, very mobile.
- Elbow joint: articulation between the humerus, radius, and ulna, allows for flexion, extension and some rotation.
- Hip joint: articulation between the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone, very stable.
- Knee joint: most complex joint in the body, articulation between the femur, tibia, and patella. Allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation.
- Ankle joint: articulation between the tibia, fibula, and talus, allows for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.
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Description
Explore the essential functions of bones in the human body, including support, protection, and blood cell production. Learn about the classification and anatomy of long bones, as well as the various types of bone cells responsible for bone health.
