Functions and Anatomy of Bones
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Questions and Answers

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

  • 26
  • 20
  • 30 (correct)
  • 32
  • The only mobile bone of the skull is the mandible.

    True

    What divides the nasal cavity?

    nasal septum

    The bones of the zygomatic arch include the __________ and the __________.

    <p>zygomatic bone, temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the skull cap also known as?

    <p>Cranial vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Frontal bone = Single bone located anteriorly, contains the forehead Occipital bone = Single bone in the posterior skull, forms the nape Parietal bone = Paired bones on the upper lateral sides of the skull Temporal bone = Paired bones on either side of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ can be felt on the side of the head just behind the earlobe.

    <p>temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained in the eye sockets of the skull?

    <p>eyeballs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six functions of bones?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compact bone is primarily found at the ends of long bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone growth is defined by increasing the width of bones?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is the hollow section inside a long bone that contains marrow.

    <p>medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of joints with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Hinge = Allows movement in one direction Ball and Socket = Allows movement in multiple directions Pivot = Allows rotation around a single axis Saddle = Allows limited movement like a rider on a saddle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone cell is responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermembranous and endochondral bone formation are two distinct processes for forming bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of bone found in the human body?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a bony projection or prominence?

    <p>Tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional unit of compact bone is known as an osteon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four different types of bone cells?

    <p>Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and lining cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium homeostasis involves the release of __________ by the parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels drop.

    <p>parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ossification with their descriptions:

    <p>Intramembranous ossification = Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue. Endochondral ossification = Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Ossification = The process of bone tissue formation. Appositional growth = Increase in bone width.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is spongy bone primarily found?

    <p>Within the ends of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone growth in length is known as appositional growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two nutrients that are vital for bone health.

    <p>Calcium and Vitamin D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone contains the home for the pituitary gland?

    <p>Sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervical vertebrae consist of 12 vertebrae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of the thoracic cage?

    <p>Protect the organs in the thoracic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ articulates with the capitulum.

    <p>radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of pelvic brim with their descriptions:

    <p>True pelvic brim = Encircles the true pelvis False pelvic brim = Supports the weight of the upper body Pelvic inlet = Open space for childbirth Pelvic outlet = Exit for the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is unique to the cervical spine?

    <p>Transverse foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three bones that form the coxal bones?

    <p>Ilium, ischium, pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 8 carpal bones in the wrist.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone of the lower leg articulates with the talus?

    <p>Tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All joints in the human body can be classified into three different categories: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fovea capitis?

    <p>It serves as a point of attachment for the ligamentum teres, which stabilizes the hip joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint is a _____ ball-and-socket joint between the _____ and _____.

    <p>synovial, femur, acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of synovial joints with their descriptions:

    <p>Pivot = Allows rotational movement around a single axis Hinge = Permits movement in one plane, like a door Ball and Socket = Allows the greatest range of motion Saddle = Facilitates movement in two planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of body movement refers to decreasing the angle between body parts?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of a bursa is to enhance friction between tendons and bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify two examples of cartilaginous joints in the body composed of fibrocartilage.

    <p>Intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of Bones

    • Bones provide support for the body.
    • Bones protect internal organs.
    • Bones serve as levers for movement.
    • Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
    • Bones produce blood cells in red bone marrow.
    • Bones store energy in yellow bone marrow.

    Classification of Bones

    • Bones are classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular.
    • Long bones are the most common type of bone in the body.

    Anatomy of a Long Bone

    • Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
    • Epiphysis: ends of the bone
    • Epiphyseal plate: growth plate where bone lengthens
    • Articular cartilage: covers the ends of the bone at joints, reducing friction
    • Medullary cavity: hollow space in the diaphysis, filled with bone marrow
    • Periosteum: tough outer membrane, provides blood supply and attachment for tendons and ligaments.
    • Endosteum: thin inner membrane that lines the medullary cavity

    Bone Cells

    • Osteoblasts: responsible for bone formation.
    • Osteoclasts: responsible for bone resorption (breakdown).
    • Osteocytes: mature bone cells, help maintain bone matrix.
    • Bone lining cells: found on the surface of bone, regulate bone formation and resorption.

    ### Bone Matrix

    • The organic component (collagen) provides flexibility to bone.
    • The inorganic component (calcium phosphate) provides hardness to bone.

    Compact Bone

    • Found in the diaphysis of long bones.
    • Provides strength and support.
    • Functional unit: osteon
    • Rings of calcified bone matrix are called lamellae.

    Spongy Bone

    • Found in the epiphysis of long bones, and in flat bones.
    • Lighter than compact bone.
    • Trabeculae (interconnected rods) help distribute stress.

    Ossification

    • Begins in utero, at about 8 weeks.
    • Intramembranous ossification: flat bones, bone forms directly from mesenchyme.
    • Endochondral ossification: most bones, bone forms from hyaline cartilage model.
    • Endochondral ossification is the more common type of bone formation.

    Bone Growth

    • Interstitial growth: occurs in length, at epiphyseal plate.
    • Appositional growth: occurs in width, adds bone tissue to the periosteal surface.

    Calcium Homeostasis

    • Hormones regulate calcium levels in bone and blood.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): released when blood calcium decreases, increases calcium levels.
    • Calcitonin: released when blood calcium increases, decreases calcium levels.
    • Exercise promotes bone growth, increasing mechanical stress, which stimulates osteoblast activity.

    The Skeletal System

    • Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.
    • Appendicular skeleton: bones of the limbs and girdles.

    The Skull

    • Cranial vault: bones that protect the brain.
    • Facial bones: bones of the face.
    • Mandible: only mobile bone of the skull.
    • The skull consists of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

    ### The Vertebral Column

    • Cervical region: 7 vertebrae.
    • Thoracic region: 12 vertebrae.
    • Lumbar region: 5 vertebrae.
    • Sacral region: 5 fused vertebrae.
    • Coccygeal region: 4 fused vertebrae.
    • The vertebral column is divided into regions, each specialized for different functions.
    • Intervertebral discs: cushioning and absorbing shocks between vertebrae, allowing for a flexible spine.

    The Thoracic Cage

    • Protects internal organs (heart and lungs).
    • Ribs: 12 pairs; 7 vertebrosternal ribs connect to sternum directly.
    • Sternum: breastbone, anterior part of thoracic cage.

    The Upper Limb

    • Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula, connects upper limbs to axial skeleton.
    • Humerus: bone of the upper arm.
    • Radius and ulna: bones of the forearm.
    • Carpal bones: wrist bones.

    The Lower Limb

    • Pelvis: formed by two coxal (hip) bones and sacrum.
    • Femur: thigh bone, longest and strongest bone in the body.
    • Tibia and fibula: bones of the lower leg.
    • Tarsal bones: ankle bones.

    Classification of Joints

    • Structural classification
      • Fibrous: bones held together by fibrous connective tissue.
      • Cartilaginous: bones held together by cartilage.
      • Synovial: bones separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
    • Functional classification:
      • Synarthroses: immovable joints.
      • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints.
      • Diarthroses (synovial joints): freely movable joints.

    Synovial Joints

    • Articular capsule: surrounds the joint, encloses synovial cavity.
    • Ligaments: dense fibrous connective tissue, connect bone to bone.
    • Tendons: connect muscle to bone.
    • Bursa: fluid-filled sac, reduces friction between tendons and bones.
    • Meniscus: fibrocartilaginous pad that cushions the joint (knee).

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Pivot joint: uniaxial movement, allows for rotation (e.g., radius and ulna)
    • Hinge joint: uniaxial movement, allows flexion and extension (e.g., elbow and knee)
    • Conyloid joint : biaxial movement, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints).
    • Saddle joint: biaxial movement, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
    • Plane joint: multiaxial movement, allows for gliding motions (e.g., intercarpal joints and intertarsal joints).
    • Ball and socket joint: multiaxial movement, allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation (e.g., hip and shoulder)

    Body Movements at Joints

    • Flexion: decreases the angle between bones.
    • Extension: increases the angle between bones.
    • Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
    • Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body.
    • Circumduction: circular motion of a limb.
    • Rotation: turning a bone around its longitudinal axis.
    • Pronation: rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly.
    • Supination: rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly.
    • Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.
    • Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.

    Important Synovial Joints

    • The intervertebral joints (between vertebrae) are synovial joints.
    • Atlanto-occipital joint: articulation between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone, allows for nodding and shaking the head.
    • Temporomandibular joint: articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible, allows for opening and closing the mouth, as well as moving the mandible side to side.
    • Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint: articulation between the humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula, very mobile.
    • Elbow joint: articulation between the humerus, radius, and ulna, allows for flexion, extension and some rotation.
    • Hip joint: articulation between the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone, very stable.
    • Knee joint: most complex joint in the body, articulation between the femur, tibia, and patella. Allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation.
    • Ankle joint: articulation between the tibia, fibula, and talus, allows for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.

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    Description

    Explore the essential functions of bones in the human body, including support, protection, and blood cell production. Learn about the classification and anatomy of long bones, as well as the various types of bone cells responsible for bone health.

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