BIOL 102 LO5: Bone Tissue, Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System PDF

**BIOL 102 LO5: Bone Tissue, Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System and Articulations Outline** ======================================================================================================== Skeletal System --------------- - Big ideas: - What are the major functions of...

**BIOL 102 LO5: Bone Tissue, Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System and Articulations Outline** ======================================================================================================== Skeletal System --------------- - Big ideas: - What are the major functions of bones? - What are the common bone markings and the structures and functions of the long bone? - What are the differences between the different types of bone cells? - What is the difference between spongy and compact bone? - What are the steps in intramembranous bone formation? What are the steps in endochondral bone formation? What is the difference between these two types of bone formation? - What is the difference between interstitial and appositional bone growth? Why are there two types? What are the steps in each type of bone growth? - How does exercise, nutrition, and different hormones specifically affect bone tissue and calcium levels in bone and blood? - What are the major features of the bones of the cranium, face and what are the different sutures? - What are the major structures and functions of each of the bones of the appendicular skeleton? - What are the different types of joints in the body? - What are the different types of synovial joints in the body? What movements and features are found within the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle? - Functions of bones - What are the six functions of bones? - How are bones classified? What is the most common type of bone in the body? - Anatomy of a long bone - Identify the structures of a long bone on an image. What is the function of each structure? - Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Epiphyseal plate, Articular cartilage - Medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, Nutrient artery - Where is red bone marrow found compared to yellow bone marrow? - Where is compact bone found compared to spongy bone? - Bone markings - Find at least one bone which has the bone marking listed below. Each term has a descriptive definition: - Sulcus - Tubercle - Facet - Tuberosity - Condyle - Fossa - Crest - Foramen - Fissure - Sinus - Protuberance - Canal - Bone tissue - What are the four different types of bone cells and where are they located in bone? - Which part of the bone matrix provides flexibility to bone? - Compact bone - Where is compact bone found? - What is the function of compact bone? - What is the functional unit of compact bone? - What are the rings of calcified bone matrix called? - Spongy bone - Where is spongy bone found? - What is the function of spongy bone? - Ossification - How soon does ossification start in utero? - Describe the steps in order involved in intramembranous ossification. - Describe the steps in order involved in endochondral ossification. - Which type of bone formation is more common in the body? - Compare bone growth in length (interstitial) to bone growth in width (appositional) - List four nutrients that are vital for bone health and the role each nutrient plays in bone health. - Calcium homeostasis - List the six hormones involved in bone growth and what each hormone specifically does to change bone growth - Parathyroid gland cells respond to lower blood calcium levels by releasing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - Regulation of blood calcium demonstrates a (positive / negative ) feedback cycle because a decrease in blood calcium stimulates PTH (parathyroid hormone) to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood calcium. - Bjorn is a strong man competitor. He practices daily by pulling on a rope attached to an 800-lb anchor. What changes would you expect to his bone structure? Explain the effect of exercise on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - Divisions of the skeletal system - Which division of the skeleton is the hyoid bone a part of? - What is the function of the lower skeleton? - Axial skeleton -- includes the skull, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. - The thoracic cage consists of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the sternum. - Appendicular skeleton - How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? - The skull (aka \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) - Two major divisions: - Facial bones - Brain case or cranial vault - The only mobile bone of the skull is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - Anterior view of the skull - Eyeballs are contained in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the skull. - The nasal cavity is divided by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The cavity contains the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the ethmoid bone and the lower \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Inside the nasal cavity two sets of bony projections appear on the lateral wall; the largest set are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the set above those are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - Lateral view of the skull - The zygomatic arch consist of two bones, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or the apple of the cheek and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and two processes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - The mandible articulates and connects to the skull via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fossa and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fossa of the skull. This allows for chewing to occur. - Skull cap= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - The plates of the skull consist of: a. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plate which is a pair of bones on the upper lateral side of the skull b. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plate which is paired and either side of the skull. 1. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be felt on the side of the head just behind the earlobe. c. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone which is a single bone located anterior and contains the forehead. 2. The slight depression between eyebrows is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. d. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone is also a single bone in the posterior skull. The area that forms the nape of the neck is actually the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The brainstem becomes the spinal cord once it passes through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ magnum. - The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone contains the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or the home for the pituitary gland in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fossa, when the brain is in the skull. - The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone is a pair of bones that contain the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plate or the roof of the mouth. - The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sinuses occupy air-filled spaces that can contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mucosa. - There are 5 regions to the vertebral column. How many vertebrae are there in each region? There are [ ] cervical, [ ] thoracic, [ ] lumbar, [ ] sacral, and [ ] coccygeal vertebrae. - Where are intervertebral discs found? What is the purpose of having intervertebral discs? - The vertebral column - Vertebra are connected via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is made of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue. - Which two regions of the vertebral column retain the fetal curvature? What type of curvature is this? - What feature is unique in the cervical spine that is not in the lumbar spine? - Which feature of vertebrae supports the weight of the head and trunk? - Thoracic cage - What is the major function of the thoracic cage? - Which part of the sternum receives the most force during chest compressions while administering CPR? - How many pairs of vertebrosternal ribs are there? - What part of a rib articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebra? - Upper limb - Which two bones make up the pectoral girdle? - What is the purpose of depression on the lateral side of the clavicle? What is the correct term for this structure? - What are the different landmarks of the humerus? - Which bone articulates with the trochlea? Which bone articulates with the capitulum? - Which bone of the forearm is medial in anatomical position? - Which feature of the radius articulates with the ulna? - How many carpal bones are there? - Lower limb - What are the three bones that form the coxal bones? - Which feature of the ilium helps stabilize the sacroiliac joint? - Which feature of the ischium is where the hamstring muscle attaches? - What are the three parts that form the pelvis? - What is the difference between the false and true pelvic brim? - Identify three of the differences between the female and male pelvis? - What are all the major landmarks of the femur? - What is the purpose of the fovea capitis? - Which bone of the lower leg articulates with the talus? - What are the important features of the tibia and fibula? - How many tarsal bones are there? - Classification of Joints - How are joints classified? - What are the three structural classification of joints? - What are the functional classifications of joints? - Identify four factors that can help stabilize joints. - Which two examples cartilaginous joints in the body are composed of fibrocartilage? - Synovial joints - Where would you find an articular capsule? What is its function? - What are ligaments and tendons made of? What is the difference between the two? - What is the purpose of a bursa? - Types of synovial joints: ----------------- ---------- ------------- Joint type Location Description Pivot Hinge Condyloid Saddle Plane Ball and Socket ----------------- ---------- ------------- - Types of body movement - Compare and contrast flexion and extension. - What is the correct term for lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body? - How is circumduction different from rotation? - How is medial rotation different from lateral rotation? - Slouching in a chair would be an example of which type of body movement? - Anatomy of selected synovial joints - Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ joints. - When the cervical vertebrae articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull the joint formed is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - This allows for the movement of the head for nonverbal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth via mandibular depression and mandibular elevation. - What is another name for the shoulder joint? Which bones form this joint? - Which bones and parts articulate to form the elbow joint? - The hip joint is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ball-and-socket joint between the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. - Which bones and parts articulate to form the knee joint? - Which bones and parts articulate to form the ankle joint?